<_SYM psyRA_NP JAPP_NP 2012_CD 2_CD >_SYM 
<_SYM Effects_NN of_IN Resource-Building_NP Group_NP Intervention_NP on_IN Career_NP Management_NP and_CC Mental_NP Health_NP in_IN Work_NP Organizations_NPS :_: Randomized_VVN >_SYM <_SYM Controlled_JJ Field_NP Trial_NP >_SYM 
<_SYM Jukka_NP Vuori_NP Salla_NP Toppinen-Tanner_NP Pertti_NP Mutanen_NP >_SYM 
Abstract_JJ 
A_DT resource-building_JJ group_NN intervention_NN was_VBD developed_VVN to_TO enhance_VV career_NN management_NN ,_, mental_JJ health_NN ,_, and_CC job_NN retention_NN in_IN work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT The_DT in-company_NN training_NN program_NN provided_VVD employees_NNS with_IN better_JJR preparedness_NN to_TO manage_VV their_PP$ own_JJ careers_NNS ._SENT The_DT program_NN activities_NNS were_VBD universally_RB implemented_VVN usingan_NN organization-level_NN ,_, 2-trainer_JJ model_NN with_IN trainers_NNS from_IN the_DT human_JJ resources_NNS management_NN and_CC occupational_JJ health_NN services_NNS ._SENT The_DT study_NN was_VBD a_DT within-organizations_NNS ,_, randomly_RB assigned_VVN field_NN experimental_JJ study_NN ;_: it_PP investigated_VVD the_DT impacts_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN immediate_JJ career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN andlater_NN mental_JJ health_NN and_CC intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV early_RB ._SENT A_DT total_NN of_IN 718_CD eligible_JJ individuals_NNS returned_VVD a_DT questionnaire_NN in_IN 17_CD organizations_NNS and_CC became_VVD voluntary_JJ participants_NNS ._SENT The_DT respondents_NNS were_VBD randomly_RB assigned_VVN to_TO either_CC an_DT intervention_NN (_( N_NP 369_CD )_) or_CC a_DT comparison_NN group_NN (_( N_NP 349_CD )_) ._SENT Those_DT in_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN were_VBD invited_VVN to_TO group_NN intervention_NN workshops_NNS ,_, whereas_IN those_DT in_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN received_VVD printed_JJ information_NN about_IN career_NN and_CC health-related_JJ issues_NNS ._SENT The_DT 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN results_NNS showed_VVD that_IN/that the_DT program_NN significantly_RB decreased_VVD depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV early_RB and_CC increased_VVN mentalresources_NNS among_IN the_DT group_NN participants_NNS compared_VVN to_TO the_DT others_NNS ._SENT The_DT mediation_NN analyses_VVZ demonstratedthat_NN the_DT increase_NN in_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN as_IN a_DT proximal_JJ impact_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN mediated_VVD the_DT longer_JJR term_NN mental_JJ health_NN effects_NNS ._SENT Those_DT who_WP benefited_VVD most_RBS from_IN the_DT intervention_NN as_RB regards_VVZ their_PP$ mental_JJ health_NN were_VBD employees_NNS with_IN elevated_JJ levels_NNS of_IN depression_NN or_CC exhaustion_NN and_CC younger_JJR employees_NNS ,_, implying_VVG additional_JJ benefits_NNS of_IN a_DT more_RBR targeted_JJ use_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT The_DT results_NNS demonstrated_VVD the_DT benefits_NNS of_IN the_DT enhancement_NN of_IN individual-level_JJ career_NN management_NN and_CC resilience_NN resources_NNS as_IN career_NN and_CC health_NN promotion_NN practice_NN in_IN work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT 
As_IN changes_NNS in_IN work_NN organizations_NNS have_VHP become_VVN an_DT everyday_JJ phenomenon_NN ,_, employees_NNS are_VBP increasingly_RB expected_VVN to_TO keep_VV up_RP with_IN the_DT requirements_NNS of_IN their_PP$ jobs_NNS and_CC to_TO remain_VV healthy_JJ and_CC motivated_VVN while_IN working_VVG increasingly_RB longer_JJR careers_NNS ._SENT In_IN many_JJ modern_JJ societies_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, a_DT growing_VVG proportion_NN of_IN employees_NNS do_VVP not_RB sustain_VV their_PP$ careers_NNS until_IN regular_JJ old_JJ age_NN retirement_NN ,_, and_CC many_JJ of_IN these_DT employees_NNS retire_VVP due_JJ to_TO depression_NN or_CC burnout_NNS before_IN the_DT normal_JJ retirement_NN age_NN (_( Ahola_NP ,_, Toppinen-Tanner_NP ,_, Huuhtanen_NP ,_, Koskinen_NP ,_, &_CC V��n�nen_NP ,_, 2009_CD ;_: �st�n_NP ,_, Ayuso-Mateos_NP ,_, Chatterji_NP ,_, Mathers_NP ,_, &_CC Murray_NP ,_, 2004_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN addition_NN ,_, a_DT growing_VVG number_NN of_IN work_NN disabilities_NNS ,_, resulting_VVG in_IN early_JJ retirements_NNS ,_, depression_NN ,_, and_CC burnout_NNS ,_, cause_VV significant_JJ losses_NNS in_IN work_NN life_NN productivity_NN (_( Adler_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2006_CD ;_: Lerner_NP &_CC Henke_NP ,_, 2008_CD )_) ._SENT 
Various_JJ interventions_NNS have_VHP been_VBN developed_VVN for_IN reducing_VVG the_DT negative_JJ effects_NNS of_IN work_NN stress_NN on_IN health_NN and_CC for_IN promoting_VVG work_NN ability_NN (_( for_IN a_DT review_NN ,_, see_VVP Marine_NP ,_, Ruotsalainen_NP ,_, Serra_NP ,_, &_CC Verbeek_NP ,_, 2006_CD ;_: Sockoll_NP ,_, Kramer_NP ,_, &_CC B�deker_NP ,_, 2008_CD )_) ._SENT However_RB ,_, the_DT role_NN of_IN workplaces_NNS as_IN resource-building_VVG arenas_NNS for_IN the_DT promotion_NN of_IN well-being_NN ,_, mental_JJ health_NN ,_, productive_JJ careers_NNS ,_, and_CC engagement_NN has_VHZ been_VBN studied_VVN very_RB little_JJ ._SENT In_IN the_DT field_NN of_IN prevention_NN and_CC mental_JJ health_NN promotion_NN ,_, group-based_JJ cognitive�behavioral_JJ interventions_NNS with_IN the_DT main_JJ focus_NN on_IN self-efficacy_NN beliefs_NNS have_VHP been_VBN found_VVN to_TO effectively_RB reduce_VV depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS in_IN challenging_VVG change_NN situations_NNS (_( Glanz_NP ,_, Lewis_NP ,_, &_CC Rimer_NP ,_, 1997_CD ;_: Jan�-Llopis_NP ,_, Hosman_NP ,_, Jenkins_NP ,_, &_CC Anderson_NP ,_, 2003_CD )_) ._SENT Individual_JJ efficacy_NN beliefs_NNS would_MD seem_VV to_TO provide_VV useful_JJ targets_NNS for_IN interventions_NNS based_VVN on_IN social_JJ learning_VVG theory_NN (_( e.g._FW ,_, regarding_VVG the_DT management_NN of_IN employees_NNS '_POS career_NN changes_NNS due_JJ to_TO changes_NNS in_IN organizations_NNS )_) ._SENT However_RB ,_, social_JJ science_NN theories_NNS or_CC efficacy_NN belief-based_JJ constructs_NNS have_VHP rarely_RB been_VBN applied_VVN in_IN occupational_JJ health_NN programs_NNS ,_, even_RB though_IN work_NN in_IN modern_JJ organizations_NNS is_VBZ often_RB very_RB much_RB social_JJ in_IN nature_NN (_( Heaney_NP ,_, 2005_CD )_) ._SENT 
In_IN other_JJ settings_NNS ,_, preventive_JJ resource-building_NN programs_NNS have_VHP previously_RB been_VBN successful_JJ during_IN stressful_JJ educational_JJ and_CC occupational_JJ transitions_NNS ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, thus_RB increasing_VVG preparedness_NN for_IN the_DT respective_JJ transition_NN ._SENT This_DT has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_IN beneficial_JJ mental_JJ health_NN and_CC career_NN outcomes_NNS (_( Caplan_NP ,_, Vinokur_NP ,_, Price_NP ,_, &_CC van_NP Ryn_NP ,_, 1989_CD ;_: Koivisto_NP ,_, Vuori_NP ,_, &_CC Nykyri_NP ,_, 2007_CD ;_: Vinokur_NP ,_, Price_NP ,_, &_CC Schul_NP ,_, 1995_CD ;_: Vuori_NP ,_, Koivisto_NP ,_, Mutanen_NP ,_, Jokisaari_NP ,_, &_CC Salmela-Aro_NP ,_, 2008_CD ;_: Vuori_NP ,_, Silvonen_NP ,_, Vinokur_NP ,_, &_CC Price_NP ,_, 2002_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT common_JJ effect_NN found_VVN in_IN these_DT studies_NNS on_IN mental_JJ health_NN has_VHZ been_VBN the_DT decrease_NN of_IN depressive_JJ and_CC distress_NN symptoms_NNS ._SENT Another_DT typical_JJ effect_NN in_IN these_DT studies_NNS has_VHZ been_VBN the_DT improvement_NN of_IN career_NN outcomes_NNS during_IN these_DT occupational_JJ transitions_NNS ._SENT Even_RB though_IN these_DT earlier_JJR studies_NNS have_VHP involved_VVN occupational_JJ transitions_NNS in_IN the_DT fringes_NNS of_IN work_NN life_NN (_( e.g._FW school-to-work_NN transition_NN or_CC reemployment_NN )_) ,_, career_NN transitions_NNS also_RB increasingly_RB occur_VV in_IN work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT This_DT development_NN imposes_VVZ additional_JJ challenges_NNS to_TO individual_JJ employees_NNS and_CC their_PP$ well-being_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP should_MD be_VB targeted_VVN and_CC studied_VVN within_IN worksites_NNS ._SENT The_DT focal_JJ issues_NNS of_IN career_NN management_NN inside_IN work_NN organizations_NNS involve_VVP not_RB only_JJ career_NN planning_NN and_CC employment_NN issues_NNS ,_, as_RB in_IN traditional_JJ occupational_JJ transitions_NNS ,_, but_CC also_RB elements_NNS related_VVN to_TO managing_VVG work_NN and_CC family_NN conflicts_NNS and_CC coping_VVG with_IN stress_NN during_IN one_CD 's_POS work_NN career_NN ._SENT This_DT development_NN in_IN work_NN life_NN calls_VVZ for_IN new_JJ interventions_NNS ,_, which_WDT combine_VVP elements_NNS of_IN training_NN in_IN career_NN planning_NN and_CC of_IN training_NN in_IN how_WRB to_TO manage_VV stressful_JJ career_NN situations_NNS ._SENT 
We_PP responded_VVD to_TO this_DT need_NN in_IN our_PP$ study_NN ,_, as_IN we_PP applied_VVD social_JJ learning_NN in_IN work_NN peer_NN groups_NNS and_CC an_DT efficacy-based_JJ construct_NN ,_, namely_RB ,_, career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ,_, as_IN central_JJ active_JJ ingredients_NNS in_IN a_DT group_NN intervention_NN in_IN work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT Our_PP$ focal_JJ aim_NN was_VBD to_TO investigate_VV the_DT possibilities_NNS of_IN teaching_NN people_NNS career_NN management_NN skills_NNS ,_, how_WRB to_TO enhance_VV their_PP$ resources_NNS for_IN planning_VVG their_PP$ future_NN and_CC how_WRB to_TO endure_VV the_DT unpredictable_JJ turbulence_NN of_IN the_DT work_NN environment_NN in_IN modern_JJ work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT We_PP also_RB applied_VVD a_DT randomly_RB assigned_VVN field_NN experimental_JJ study_NN in_IN order_NN to_TO collect_VV reliable_JJ data_NNS on_IN the_DT individual_JJ level_NN within_IN organizations_NNS ,_, which_WDT is_VBZ very_RB rare_JJ in_IN organizational_JJ intervention_NN studies_NNS ._SENT 
Promoting_VVG Employees_NP '_POS Career_NP Management_NP and_CC Resilience_NP 
In_IN today_NN 's_VBZ rapidly_RB changing_VVG work_NN life_NN ,_, employees_NNS need_VVP resources_NNS for_IN managing_VVG their_PP$ own_JJ careers_NNS and_CC for_IN feeling_VVG safe_JJ and_CC motivated_JJ ._SENT They_PP need_VVP confidence_NN in_IN their_PP$ ability_NN to_TO handle_VV changing_VVG situations_NNS and_CC to_TO maintain_VV their_PP$ employability_NN ._SENT In_IN order_NN to_TO be_VB effective_JJ ,_, worksite_JJ stress_NN prevention_NN should_MD comprise_VV promotion_NN of_IN individual_JJ resilience_NN and_CC well-being_NN resources_NNS ,_, in_IN addition_NN to_TO the_DT conventional_JJ prevention_NN of_IN stress-related_JJ problems_NNS (_( Bakker_NP ,_, Schaufeli_NP ,_, Leiter_NP ,_, &_CC Taris_NP ,_, 2008_CD ;_: Lamontagne_NP ,_, Keegel_NP ,_, Louie_NP ,_, Ostry_NP ,_, &_CC Landsbergis_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ._SENT 
Due_JJ to_TO widespread_JJ restructuring_NN ,_, downsizing_NN ,_, and_CC flexible_JJ employment_NN strategies_NNS ,_, employability_NN and_CC career_NN resilience_NN have_VHP become_VVN important_JJ goals_NNS for_IN career_NN management_NN ._SENT At_IN the_DT same_JJ time_NN ,_, it_PP seems_VVZ that_IN/that traditional_JJ management_NN practices_NNS regarding_VVG employees_NNS '_POS careers_NNS have_VHP become_VVN less_RBR central_JJ for_IN employees_NNS ._SENT The_DT focal_JJ question_NN is_VBZ ,_, are_VBP employees_NNS able_JJ to_TO be_VB adaptive_JJ and_CC proactive_JJ enough_JJ and_CC take_VV responsibility_NN for_IN their_PP$ own_JJ career_NN development_NN in_IN an_DT increasingly_RB unpredictable_JJ career_NN environment_NN (_( Iles_NP ,_, 1997_CD ;_: Lips-Wiersma_NP &_CC Hall_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ?_SENT Even_RB when_WRB employees_NNS '_POS work_NN careers_NNS have_VHP not_RB involved_VVN several_JJ employer_NN changes_NNS ,_, career_NN management_NN strategies_NNS have_VHP been_VBN predictive_JJ of_IN self-perceptions_NNS of_IN aging_VVG successfully_RB in_IN the_DT workplace_NN above_IN and_CC beyond_IN important_JJ characteristics_NNS of_IN the_DT individual_NN or_CC employer_NN organization_NN (_( Robson_NP &_CC Hansson_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ._SENT As_IN employers_NNS in_IN today_NN 's_POS organizations_NNS are_VBP also_RB concerned_VVN about_IN employees_NNS '_POS well-being_NN and_CC work_NN ability_NN ,_, it_PP would_MD seem_VV feasible_JJ to_TO enhance_VV employees_NNS '_POS career_NN management_NN with_IN interventions_NNS based_VVN in_IN an_DT employer_NN organization_NN (_( Raabe_NP ,_, Frese_NP ,_, &_CC Beehr_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ._SENT 
It_PP has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN that_IN/that career_NN management_NN and_CC well-being_NN can_MD be_VB improved_VVN by_IN developing_VVG preparedness_NN and_CC abilities_NNS related_VVN to_TO career_NN goal_NN setting_NN and_CC attainment_NN (_( Ajzen_NP ,_, 1991_CD ;_: Bandura_NP ,_, 1986_CD )_) ._SENT For_IN example_NN ,_, preparedness_NN for_IN work_NN life_NN transitions_NNS can_MD be_VB increased_VVN through_IN group_NN interventions_NNS applying_VVG social_JJ modeling_NN and_CC active_JJ learning_VVG techniques_NNS (_( Caplan_NP ,_, Vinokur_NP ,_, &_CC Price_NP ,_, 1997_CD ;_: Vuori_NP &_CC Vinokur_NP ,_, 2005_CD )_) ._SENT Preparedness_NN is_VBZ defined_VVN here_RB as_IN a_DT cognitive�motivational_JJ construct_NN that_WDT has_VHZ specific_JJ self-efficacy_NN (_( Bandura_NP ,_, 1986_CD )_) and_CC preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS (_( Meichenbaum_NP ,_, 1985_CD )_) as_IN its_PP$ intertwined_VVN ingredients_NNS (_( Vuori_NP &_CC Vinokur_NP ,_, 2005_CD )_) ._SENT Employees_NNS who_WP are_VBP well_RB prepared_VVN and_CC motivationally_RB ready_JJ to_TO manage_VV their_PP$ careers_NNS also_RB have_VHP both_PDT the_DT confidence_NN in_IN their_PP$ career_NN management_NN skills_NNS and_CC the_DT knowledge_NN and_CC emotional_JJ readiness_NN to_TO deal_VV with_IN the_DT setbacks_NNS that_WDT are_VBP frequently_RB encountered_VVN during_IN the_DT career_NN management_NN process_NN ._SENT In_IN other_JJ contexts_NNS ,_, preparedness_NN has_VHZ also_RB been_VBN defined_VVN as_IN the_DT goal_NN state_NN of_IN readiness_NN to_TO respond_VV to_TO uncertain_JJ outcomes_NNS (_( Sweeny_NP ,_, Carroll_NP ,_, &_CC Shepperd_NP ,_, 2006_CD )_) ._SENT 
In_IN a_DT more_RBR unpredictable_JJ career_NN environment_NN ,_, career_NN management_NN should_MD also_RB aim_VV at_IN a_DT sustainable_JJ and_CC occupationally_RB healthy_JJ career_NN ._SENT Parallel_JJ to_TO this_DT ,_, career_NN management_NN self-efficacy_NN can_MD be_VB defined_VVN as_IN confidence_NN in_IN one_CD 's_POS abilities_NNS in_IN career_NN management_NN activities_NNS ,_, such_JJ as_IN defining_VVG personal_JJ strengths_NNS and_CC career_NN interests_NNS ,_, finding_VVG the_DT means_NNS and_CC pathways_NNS for_IN shaping_VVG one_PP 's_POS job_NN and_CC career_NN in_IN the_DT self-desired_JJ direction_NN ,_, seeking_VVG possibilities_NNS for_IN learning_VVG experiences_NNS at_IN work_NN ,_, learning_VVG assertiveness_NN in_IN social_JJ relations_NNS at_IN work_NN ,_, and_CC learning_VVG self-care_NN ._SENT Both_CC Bandura_NP (_( 1986_CD )_) and_CC Ajzen_NP (_( 1991_CD )_) have_VHP shown_VVN how_WRB specific_JJ self-efficacy_NN ,_, or_CC perceived_VVN control_NN of_IN a_DT specific_JJ behavior_NN ,_, is_VBZ a_DT component_NN of_IN motivation_NN and_CC increases_VVZ the_DT likelihood_NN of_IN a_DT specific_JJ behavior_NN ._SENT 
The_DT process_NN leading_VVG to_TO preparation_NN or_CC inoculation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN in_IN cognitive�behavioral_JJ therapy_NN and_CC involves_VVZ the_DT ability_NN to_TO anticipate_VV setbacks_NNS and_CC the_DT skills_NNS to_TO cope_VV with_IN them_PP ._SENT According_VVG to_TO Meichenbaum_NP (_( 2007_CD )_) ,_, inoculation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS can_MD be_VB achieved_VVN by_IN providing_VVG individuals_NNS with_IN experience_NN in_IN minor_JJ setbacks_NNS and_CC stressors_NNS ._SENT This_DT fosters_VVZ psychological_JJ preparedness_NN ,_, promotes_VVZ resilience_NN ,_, and_CC develops_VVZ a_DT sense_NN of_IN mastery_NN in_IN confronting_VVG more_JJR stressful_JJ setbacks_NNS and_CC obstacles_NNS ._SENT The_DT inoculation_NN process_NN ,_, with_IN anticipated_VVN high-risk_JJ situations_NNS and_CC the_DT acceptance_NN of_IN lapses_NNS as_IN learning_VVG opportunities_NNS ,_, will_MD maintain_VV participants_NNS '_POS motivation_NN to_TO carry_VV out_RP difficult_JJ behaviors_NNS in_IN cases_NNS of_IN real_JJ setbacks_NNS and_CC prevent_VV relapse_VV (_( Meichenbaum_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ._SENT Preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO be_VB a_DT key_NN underlying_VVG preventive_JJ dimension_NN of_IN training_NN for_IN those_DT at_IN risk_NN of_IN depression_NN and_CC to_TO alleviate_VV depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS (_( Vinokur_NP &_CC Schul_NP ,_, 1997_CD ;_: Vuori_NP ,_, Price_NP ,_, Mutanen_NP ,_, &_CC Malmberg-Heimonen_NP ,_, 2005_CD )_) ._SENT 
Preparedness_NN can_MD be_VB seen_VVN as_IN a_DT motivator_NN in_IN a_DT process_NN whereby_WRB individuals_NNS adjust_VVP to_TO their_PP$ work_NN environment_NN ,_, make_VV plans_NNS ,_, set_VVN goals_NNS ,_, strive_VVP to_TO improve_VV their_PP$ future_NN ,_, and_CC evaluate_VV their_PP$ possibilities_NNS and_CC competencies_NNS in_IN achieving_VVG these_DT goals_NNS ._SENT Many_JJ previous_JJ studies_NNS have_VHP shown_VVN that_IN/that individual_JJ resources_NNS may_MD also_RB influence_VV the_DT relationship_NN between_IN work_NN characteristics_NNS and_CC adjustment_NN to_TO work_VV (_( Aspinwall_NP &_CC Taylor_NP ,_, 1997_CD ;_: Parker_NP &_CC Sprigg_NP ,_, 1999_CD )_) ._SENT For_IN instance_NN ,_, increased_VVN self-efficacy_NN has_VHZ been_VBN found_VVN to_TO associate_VV with_IN increased_VVN work_NN engagement_NN and_CC strengthened_JJ perceptions_NNS of_IN social_JJ resources_NNS at_IN work_NN (_( Llorens_NP ,_, Schaufeli_NP ,_, Bakker_NP ,_, &_CC Salanova_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ._SENT 
Group_NP Intervention_NP for_IN Enhancing_NP Career_NP Management_NP Preparedness_NP 
The_DT development_NN of_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN was_VBD based_VVN on_IN social_JJ cognitive_JJ theories_NNS on_IN social_JJ action_NN ,_, behavioral_JJ control_NN ,_, and_CC individual_JJ coping_VVG resilience_NN (_( Ajzen_NP ,_, 1991_CD ;_: Bandura_NP ,_, 1986_CD ;_: Meichenbaum_NP ,_, 1985_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT aim_NN was_VBD to_TO enhance_VV career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ._SENT The_DT self-efficacies_NNS related_VVN to_TO career_NN management_NN were_VBD strengthened_VVN in_IN a_DT stepwise_JJ procedure_NN :_: first_RB ,_, identifying_VVG in_IN peer_NN groups_NNS the_DT career-related_JJ goals_NNS needed_VVN for_IN progress_NN ;_: second_JJ ,_, defining_VVG in_IN peer_NN group_NN solutions_NNS and_CC tasks_NNS for_IN carrying_VVG out_RP these_DT goals_NNS ;_: and_CC third_JJ ,_, practicing_VVG the_DT required_VVN skills_NNS and_CC actions_NNS in_IN small_JJ groups_NNS ._SENT Coping_VVG resilience_NN was_VBD strengthened_VVN according_VVG to_TO the_DT principles_NNS of_IN Meichenbaum_NP 's_POS (_( 1985_CD ,_, 2007_CD )_) stress_NN inoculation_NN training_NN ._SENT First_RB ,_, participants_NNS shared_VVD experiences_NNS of_IN setbacks_NNS and_CC barriers_NNS in_IN their_PP$ career_NN environment_NN and_CC empathized_VVN with_IN feelings_NNS aroused_VVN by_IN these_DT conversations_NNS ._SENT Second_RB ,_, they_PP defined_VVD possible_JJ solutions_NNS for_IN these_DT setbacks_NNS and_CC barriers_NNS in_IN peer_NN groups_NNS ,_, and_CC third_JJ ,_, they_PP practiced_VVD these_DT solutions_NNS in_IN small_JJ groups_NNS ._SENT 
The_DT group_NN program_NN was_VBD built_VVN utilizing_VVG earlier_JJR experiences_NNS in_IN preventive_JJ group_NN methods_NNS aimed_VVN at_IN increasing_VVG preparedness_NN for_IN different_JJ educational_JJ transitions_NNS and_CC the_DT transition_NN from_IN job_NN loss_NN to_TO reemployment_NN (_( Koivisto_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2007_CD ;_: Vinokur_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 1995_CD ;_: Vuori_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2002_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN order_NN to_TO better_RBR incorporate_VV the_DT intervention_NN in_IN organizational_JJ practices_NNS ,_, the_DT implementation_NN of_IN the_DT program_NN involved_VVD practical_JJ collaboration_NN of_IN the_DT human_JJ resources_NNS and_CC occupational_JJ health_NN functions_NNS of_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT This_DT was_VBD also_RB aimed_VVN to_TO strengthen_VV collaboration_NN between_IN these_DT units_NNS in_IN work_NN career_NN and_CC mental_JJ health_NN issues_NNS ._SENT 
The_DT development_NN of_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN was_VBD guided_VVN by_IN the_DT MPRC_NP (_( Michigan_NP Prevention_NP Research_NP Centre_NP )_) general_JJ group_NN training_NN principles_NNS '_POS five_CD essential_JJ components_NNS for_IN effective_JJ group_NN training_NN (_( Price_NP ,_, Friedland_NP ,_, Choi_NP ,_, &_CC Caplan_NP ,_, 1998_CD ;_: Vuori_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2005_CD )_) ._SENT First_RB ,_, career_NN management_NN skills_NNS training_NN was_VBD developed_VVN to_TO focus_VV on_IN skills_NNS that_WDT are_VBP essential_JJ in_IN proactive_JJ and_CC successful_JJ management_NN of_IN one_CD 's_POS own_JJ career_NN in_IN changing_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT This_DT included_VVD ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, the_DT definition_NN of_IN one_CD 's_POS own_JJ strengths_NNS and_CC career_NN interests_NNS ;_: the_DT internalization_NN of_IN the_DT idea_NN of_IN lifelong_JJ learning_NN ;_: learning_VVG about_IN organizational_JJ change_NN ;_: finding_VVG means_NNS to_TO attain_VV career-related_JJ resources_NNS from_IN social_JJ networks_NNS in_IN organizations_NNS and_CC to_TO solve_VV social_JJ conflicts_NNS ;_: and_CC learning_VVG concrete_JJ means_NNS for_IN managing_VVG one_PP 's_POS own_JJ career_NN ._SENT Second_JJ ,_, active_JJ teaching_NN and_CC learning_NN methods_NNS mean_VVP that_IN/that instead_RB of_IN lecturing_VVG ,_, the_DT trainers_NNS make_VVP use_NN of_IN participants_NNS '_POS own_JJ career_NN knowledge_NN and_CC career_NN choice_NN skills_NNS as_IN part_NN of_IN the_DT learning_VVG process_NN ,_, in_IN discussions_NNS in_IN both_DT small_JJ and_CC large_JJ groups_NNS ,_, role_NN plays_NNS ,_, and_CC other_JJ activities_NNS ._SENT Third_JJ ,_, skilled_JJ trainers_NNS are_VBP instructed_VVN to_TO build_VV trust_NN and_CC work_VV together_RB in_IN pairs_NNS to_TO facilitate_VV group_NN processes_NNS that_WDT promote_VVP the_DT learning_NN of_IN career_NN management_NN skills_NNS ._SENT Fourth_RB ,_, the_DT trainers_NNS work_VVP to_TO create_VV a_DT supportive_JJ learning_NN environment_NN ,_, which_WDT enables_VVZ participants_NNS to_TO learn_VV from_IN and_CC support_VV each_DT other_JJ ._SENT This_DT occurs_VVZ through_IN modeling_VVG and_CC strengthening_VVG supportive_JJ behavior_NN in_IN the_DT groups_NNS according_VVG to_TO Bandura_NP 's_POS (_( 1986_LS )_) social_JJ learning_VVG theory_NN ._SENT And_CC last_JJ ,_, preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS uses_VVZ stress_NN inoculation_NN training_NN ,_, described_VVN above_IN ,_, including_VVG topics_NNS such_JJ as_IN threats_NNS and_CC challenges_NNS during_IN organizational_JJ changes_NNS and_CC social_JJ conflicts_NNS at_IN work_NN ._SENT 
The_DT focus_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD on_IN increasing_VVG individual_JJ independence_NN and_CC awareness_NN of_IN one_CD 's_POS own_JJ abilities_NNS and_CC choices_NNS during_IN one_CD 's_POS work_NN career_NN ._SENT This_DT could_MD be_VB done_VVN partly_RB irrespective_RB of_IN the_DT continuous_JJ changes_NNS of_IN the_DT immediate_JJ or_CC wider_JJR work_NN context_NN and_CC could_MD be_VB seen_VVN as_IN a_DT way_NN in_IN which_WDT to_TO empower_VV people_NNS in_IN their_PP$ careers_NNS ._SENT For_IN this_DT reason_NN we_PP wanted_VVD to_TO implement_VV this_DT preventive_JJ intervention_NN as_IN a_DT universal_JJ intervention_NN in_IN work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT 
Evidence_NN also_RB exists_VVZ that_IN/that those_DT who_WP benefit_VVP the_DT most_JJS from_IN interventions_NNS are_VBP the_DT most_RBS vulnerable_JJ groups_NNS of_IN employees_NNS at_IN risk_NN of_IN mental_JJ health_NN problems_NNS (_( for_IN a_DT review_NN ,_, see_VVP Seymour_NP &_CC Grove_NP ,_, 2005_CD )_) or_CC at_IN risk_NN of_IN leaving_VVG their_PP$ jobs_NNS (_( Heaney_NP ,_, Price_NP ,_, &_CC Rafferty_NP ,_, 1995_CD )_) ._SENT Furthermore_RB ,_, previous_JJ research_NN also_RB indicates_VVZ that_IN/that younger_JJR participants_NNS may_MD benefit_VV more_JJR than_IN their_PP$ older_JJR counterparts_NNS from_IN career-related_JJ mentoring_NN practices_NNS (_( Finkelstein_NP ,_, Allen_NP ,_, &_CC Rhoton_NP ,_, 2003_CD )_) ._SENT 
Hypotheses_NNS on_IN the_DT Impact_NN of_IN the_DT Intervention_NN 
In_IN this_DT study_NN ,_, we_PP investigated_VVD the_DT 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN effects_NNS of_IN the_DT group_NN program_NN on_IN employees_NNS '_POS career_NN management_NN and_CC mental_JJ health_NN ._SENT We_PP expected_VVD the_DT group_NN program_NN to_TO create_VV ,_, first_JJ as_IN a_DT proximal_JJ effect_NN ,_, an_DT increase_NN in_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN and_CC ,_, later_RBR ,_, due_JJ to_TO increased_VVN career_NN management_NN and_CC as_IN a_DT long-term_JJ effect_NN ,_, to_TO produce_VV a_DT decrease_NN in_IN employees_NNS '_POS depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, and_CC intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV early_RB ._SENT At_IN the_DT same_JJ time_NN we_PP anticipated_VVD that_IN/that the_DT program_NN would_MD increase_VV work_NN engagement_NN and_CC mental_JJ resources_NNS ._SENT Consequently_RB ,_, our_PP$ first_JJ hypothesis_NN regarding_VVG the_DT proximal_JJ effect_NN of_IN the_DT program_NN was_VBD 
Hypothesis_NN 1_CD :_: The_DT group_NN program_NN increases_VVZ career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ._SENT 
The_DT next_JJ two_CD hypotheses_NNS regarding_VVG the_DT main_JJ long-term_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT program_NN were_VBD 
Hypothesis_NN 2_CD :_: The_DT group_NN program_NN decreases_VVZ depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, and_CC intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV early_RB ._SENT 
Hypothesis_NN 3_CD :_: The_DT group_NN program_NN increases_NNS work_VVP engagement_NN and_CC mental_JJ resources_NNS ._SENT 
Although_IN our_PP$ main_JJ hypotheses_NNS were_VBD formulated_VVN for_IN a_DT universally_RB implemented_VVN intervention_NN ,_, we_PP also_RB expected_VVD the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN to_TO be_VB the_DT most_RBS beneficial_JJ for_IN vulnerable_JJ groups_NNS ._SENT Previous_JJ research_NN has_VHZ indicated_VVN that_IN/that the_DT preventive_JJ effects_NNS of_IN resource-building_VVG programs_NNS on_IN mental_JJ health_NN are_VBP stronger_JJR among_IN those_DT at_IN risk_NN of_IN depression_NN (_( Caplan_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 1989_CD ;_: Koivisto_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2007_CD ;_: Vinokur_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 1995_CD ;_: Vuori_NP ,_, Koivisto_NP ,_, et_NP al_NP ._SENT 2008_LS ;_: Vuori_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2002_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT same_JJ result_NN has_VHZ been_VBN obtained_VVN from_IN studies_NNS on_IN depression_NN prevention_NN interventions_NNS (_( Brunwasser_NP ,_, Gillham_NP ,_, &_CC Kim_NP ,_, 2009_CD )_) ._SENT Moreover_RB ,_, as_IN the_DT group_NN program_NN was_VBD based_VVN on_IN peer_NN groups_NNS and_CC involved_VVN practices_NNS partly_RB similar_JJ to_TO group_NN mentoring_NN ,_, we_PP expected_VVD the_DT younger_JJR participants_NNS to_TO benefit_VV more_JJR from_IN the_DT group_NN activities_NNS than_IN their_PP$ older_JJR counterparts_NNS with_IN regard_NN to_TO the_DT following_VVG areas_NNS :_: depression_NN ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, work_NN engagement_NN ,_, and_CC mental_JJ resources_NNS ._SENT Accordingly_RB ,_, in_IN order_NN to_TO evaluate_VV possibilities_NNS for_IN more_JJR targeted_JJ implementation_NN of_IN this_DT intervention_NN ,_, we_PP further_RBR investigated_VVD the_DT moderating_VVG role_NN of_IN the_DT studied_VVN variables_NNS ,_, namely_RB ,_, level_NN of_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, work_NN engagement_NN ,_, mental_JJ resources_NNS ,_, and_CC intention_NN to_TO retire_VV ,_, and_CC additionally_RB age_NN ,_, in_IN the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN without_IN setting_VVG up_RP specific_JJ hypotheses_NNS ._SENT 
Our_PP$ starting_VVG point_NN in_IN developing_VVG the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD that_IN/that it_PP should_MD primarily_RB increase_VV group_NN participants_NNS '_POS career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN as_IN the_DT proximal_JJ outcome_NN ._SENT We_PP further_RBR expected_VVD that_IN/that this_DT proximal_JJ increase_NN in_IN preparedness_NN would_MD in_IN the_DT long_JJ run_NN give_VV rise_NN to_TO beneficial_JJ effects_NNS on_IN career_NN and_CC mental_JJ health_NN ._SENT In_IN line_NN with_IN this_DT ,_, our_PP$ last_JJ hypothesis_NN was_VBD 
Hypothesis_NN 4_CD :_: The_DT found_VVN beneficial_JJ long-term_JJ career_NN and_CC mental_JJ health_NN effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN are_VBP due_JJ to_TO the_DT proximal_JJ beneficial_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ._SENT 
Method_NN 
Participating_VVG Organizations_NNS 
The_DT goal_NN of_IN the_DT recruitment_NN was_VBD to_TO obtain_VV a_DT heterogeneous_JJ sample_NN of_IN the_DT working_VVG population_NN ._SENT We_PP recruited_VVD participant_NN organizations_NNS from_IN different_JJ sectors_NNS of_IN work_NN life_NN ,_, from_IN both_CC the_DT private_JJ and_CC the_DT public_JJ sector_NN ._SENT A_DT total_NN of_IN 17_CD organizations_NNS participated_VVN in_IN the_DT study_NN ._SENT During_IN recruitment_NN of_IN the_DT organizations_NNS ,_, representatives_NNS of_IN human_JJ resources_NNS development_NN departments_NNS (_( HR_NP )_) and_CC occupational_JJ health_NN services_NNS (_( OHS_NP )_) in_IN 43_CD organizations_NNS in_IN southern_JJ Finland_NN were_VBD sent_VVN letters_NNS containing_VVG an_DT invitation_NN to_TO participate_VV in_IN a_DT research_NN and_CC development_NN program_NN ,_, information_NN regarding_VVG the_DT program_NN and_CC its_PP$ background_NN ,_, and_CC an_DT advertisement_NN of_IN the_DT program_NN ._SENT A_DT meeting_NN with_IN the_DT organization_NN representatives_NNS to_TO introduce_VV the_DT study_NN process_NN ,_, the_DT prototype_NN of_IN the_DT program_NN ,_, and_CC its_PP$ expected_VVN benefits_NNS was_VBD arranged_VVN in_IN 27_CD organizations_NNS ,_, and_CC the_DT representatives_NNS were_VBD asked_VVN about_IN their_PP$ willingness_NN to_TO participate_VV in_IN the_DT program_NN ._SENT The_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS were_VBD offered_VVN all_DT material_NN and_CC training_NN of_IN trainers_NNS free_JJ of_IN charge_NN ._SENT They_PP would_MD also_RB obtain_VV certificates_NNS ,_, so_RB they_PP could_MD use_VV the_DT method_NN in_IN their_PP$ own_JJ organization_NN after_IN the_DT study_NN phase_NN ._SENT In_IN return_NN ,_, the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS agreed_VVD to_TO provide_VV the_DT study_NN data_NNS ,_, to_TO follow_VV the_DT instructions_NNS in_IN the_DT implementation_NN of_IN the_DT study_NN ,_, and_CC to_TO participate_VV in_IN the_DT development_NN process_NN as_RB agreed_VVD ._SENT Furthermore_RB ,_, they_PP agreed_VVD not_RB to_TO offer_VV the_DT program_NN to_TO the_DT comparison_NN group_NN before_IN the_DT study_NN follow-up_NN periods_NNS ended_VVD ._SENT Out_RB of_IN the_DT 27_CD organizations_NNS ,_, 15_CD chose_VVD to_TO participate_VV ._SENT Additionally_RB ,_, two_CD organizations_NNS chose_VVD to_TO participate_VV due_JJ to_TO word_NN of_IN mouth_NN from_IN other_JJ participating_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT 
Because_IN of_IN the_DT practical_JJ requirements_NNS of_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN process_NN ,_, we_PP were_VBD able_JJ to_TO recruit_VV voluntary_JJ participants_NNS only_RB in_IN medium-_NN and_CC large-sized_JJ organizations_NNS ._SENT Nine_CD of_IN the_DT recruited_VVN organizations_NNS were_VBD medium-sized_JJ city_NN administrations_NNS ;_: two_CD were_VBD city_NN departments_NNS ._SENT The_DT others_NNS were_VBD a_DT governmental_JJ research_NN institute_NN ,_, an_DT employment_NN office_NN ,_, an_DT insurance_NN office_NN in_IN the_DT municipal_JJ sector_NN ,_, a_DT banking_NN company_NN ,_, a_DT large_JJ multiservice_NN company_NN ,_, and_CC an_DT occupational_JJ health_NN service_NN organization_NN ._SENT The_DT majority_NN of_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS (_( n_NN =_SYM 10_CD )_) reported_VVD significant_JJ organizational_JJ changes_NNS during_IN the_DT study_NN period_NN ._SENT 
Collaboration_NN contracts_NNS were_VBD signed_VVN and_CC we_PP arranged_VVD a_DT second_JJ meeting_NN with_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS ,_, with_IN the_DT main_JJ focus_NN on_IN the_DT practical_JJ issues_NNS related_VVN to_TO program_NN implementation_NN ._SENT These_DT included_VVD naming_VVG the_DT two_CD or_CC more_JJR trainers_NNS from_IN OHS_NP and_CC HR_NP departments_NNS to_TO be_VB trained_VVN at_IN the_DT Finnish_JJ Institute_NP of_IN Occupational_NP Health_NP (_( FIOH_NP )_) ,_, setting_VVG timetables_NNS for_IN the_DT training_NN ,_, deciding_VVG how_WRB to_TO market_VV the_DT training_NN ,_, and_CC deciding_VVG on_IN the_DT practices_NNS for_IN recruiting_VVG participants_NNS for_IN the_DT study_NN groups_NNS ._SENT All_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS agreed_VVD to_TO invest_VV in_IN the_DT working_VVG hours_NNS of_IN trainers_NNS and_CC participants_NNS ,_, but_CC compensation_NN was_VBD neither_RB received_VVN nor_CC paid_VVN for_IN participation_NN or_CC for_IN training_NN and_CC materials_NNS ._SENT When_WRB both_DT parties_NNS had_VHD agreed_VVN on_IN a_DT timetable_NN ,_, a_DT date_NN was_VBD set_VVN for_IN a_DT staff_NN meeting_NN to_TO disseminate_VV information_NN on_IN the_DT study_NN and_CC to_TO recruit_VV participants_NNS ._SENT 
In_IN the_DT recruitment_NN meeting_NN ,_, FIOH_NP researchers_NNS briefly_RB described_VVD the_DT program_NN and_CC the_DT evaluation_NN study_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT trainers_NNS chosen_VVN from_IN each_DT participating_VVG organization_NN were_VBD introduced_VVN ._SENT The_DT baseline_JJ questionnaires_NNS ,_, consent_NN forms_NNS for_IN participation_NN and_CC data_NN collection_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT information_NN letter_NN were_VBD available_JJ in_IN the_DT meeting_NN or_CC could_MD be_VB obtained_VVN later_RBR from_IN the_DT trainers_NNS ._SENT In_IN addition_NN ,_, the_DT researchers_NNS provided_VVD the_DT organizations_NNS with_IN information_NN leaflets_NNS regarding_VVG the_DT program_NN and_CC any_DT other_JJ information_NN requested_VVD ._SENT Where_WRB necessary_JJ ,_, they_PP also_RB helped_VVD with_IN the_DT marketing_NN of_IN the_DT study_NN ,_, which_WDT was_VBD conducted_VVN via_IN personnel_JJ magazines_NNS ,_, the_DT Intranet_NP ,_, and_CC other_JJ channels_NNS used_VVN by_IN the_DT organizations_NNS in_IN their_PP$ daily_JJ communication_NN ._SENT We_PP expected_VVD the_DT intervention_NN to_TO be_VB most_RBS beneficial_JJ for_IN employees_NNS who_WP already_RB had_VHD some_DT work_NN experience_NN (_( i.e._FW ,_, were_VBD either_RB in_IN their_PP$ midcareer_NN or_CC beyond_IN )_) ._SENT Consequently_RB ,_, the_DT recruiting_NN material_NN had_VHD the_DT slogan_NN �Do_NN you_PP want_VVP an_DT extra_JJ buzz_NN from_IN your_PP$ work_NN ?_SENT �_NN and_CC the_DT sign_NN �40+�_NN ._SENT The_DT overall_JJ proportion_NN of_IN women_NNS in_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS was_VBD 75.4_CD %_NN ._SENT During_IN the_DT introduction_NN phase_NN we_PP used_VVD the_DT title_NN �Towards_NNS Successful_JJ Seniority_NP group_NN method�_NN for_IN the_DT program_NN ,_, but_CC several_JJ versions_NNS of_IN the_DT title_NN were_VBD used_VVN by_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS during_IN the_DT development_NN process_NN ._SENT 
Participants_NNS 
To_TO become_VV participants_NNS ,_, respondents_NNS had_VHD to_TO agree_VV to_TO the_DT randomization_NN procedure_NN of_IN the_DT study_NN and_CC to_TO hand_VV in_IN the_DT baseline_JJ assessment_NN questionnaire_NN (_( Time_NP 1_CD [_SYM T1_NP ]_SYM )_) ._SENT Between_IN the_DT fall_NN of_IN 2006_CD and_CC the_DT spring_NN of_IN 2008_CD ,_, a_DT total_NN of_IN 718_CD eligible_JJ individuals_NNS filled_VVN in_IN and_CC returned_VVD the_DT questionnaire_NN in_IN the_DT 17_CD organizations_NNS ,_, thus_RB becoming_VVG participants_NNS of_IN the_DT study_NN ._SENT Fourteen_NN cases_NNS were_VBD discarded_VVN from_IN the_DT study_NN ,_, due_JJ to_TO returning_VVG the_DT questionnaire_NN too_RB late_JJ (_( 9_CD )_) ,_, unknown_JJ address_NN (_( 2_CD )_) ,_, preference_NN for_IN intervention_NN group_NN (_( 1_CD )_) ,_, or_CC quitting_VVG the_DT study_NN (_( 2_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT information_NN letter_NN introduced_VVD the_DT study_NN as_IN having_VHG two_CD experimental_JJ conditions_NNS :_: one_PP would_MD involve_VV participation_NN in_IN group_NN training_NN and_CC the_DT other_JJ would_MD involve_VV getting_VVG a_DT literature_NN package_NN for_IN reading_NN ._SENT We_PP did_VVD not_RB expect_VV the_DT literature_NN package_NN to_TO have_VH health_NN or_CC career_NN effects_NNS of_IN nearly_RB the_DT same_JJ magnitude_NN as_IN the_DT group_NN training_NN ,_, because_IN the_DT reading_NN material_NN was_VBD planned_VVN only_RB for_IN providing_VVG general_JJ career_NN and_CC health-related_JJ information_NN and_CC not_RB for_IN significantly_RB increasing_VVG career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ._SENT 
Respondents_NNS varied_VVN in_IN age_NN from_IN 31_CD to_TO 64._CD The_DT mean_NN age_NN was_VBD 50.1_CD years_NNS (_( SD_NP =_SYM 6.47_CD )_) ._SENT Of_IN the_DT total_JJ sample_NN ,_, 632_CD (_( 88_CD %_NN )_) were_VBD women_NNS ,_, 86_CD (_( 12_CD %_NN )_) were_VBD men_NNS ,_, and_CC 74_CD %_NN were_VBD married_VVN or_CC cohabiting_VVG ._SENT Most_JJS of_IN the_DT participants_NNS had_VHD completed_VVN high_JJ school_NN (_( 57_CD %_NN )_) and_CC had_VHD a_DT college_NN (_( 38_CD %_NN )_) or_CC university_NN (_( 22_CD %_NN )_) education_NN ._SENT The_DT majority_NN of_IN participants_NNS worked_VVN in_IN the_DT public_JJ sector_NN (_( 81_CD %_NN )_) :_: 66_CD %_NN in_IN municipalities_NNS and_CC 15_CD %_NN in_IN state_NN administration_NN ._SENT A_DT total_NN of_IN 17_CD %_NN of_IN the_DT participants_NNS worked_VVN in_IN the_DT private_JJ sector_NN ._SENT Most_JJS of_IN the_DT participants_NNS (_( 89_CD %_NN )_) evaluated_VVD their_PP$ job_NN as_IN secure_JJ ,_, 4_CD %_NN evaluated_VVD it_PP as_IN unsecure_NN ,_, and_CC 6_CD %_NN had_VHD no_DT opinion_NN ._SENT 
Randomization_NN Procedure_NN ,_, Experimental_NP Design_NP ,_, and_CC Follow-Ups_NP 
The_DT 718_CD eligible_JJ respondents_NNS who_WP completed_VVD the_DT baseline_JJ questionnaire_NN (_( T1_NP )_) were_VBD randomly_RB assigned_VVN either_RB to_TO group_NN training_NN (_( N_NP =_SYM 369_CD )_) or_CC to_TO literature_NN package_NN reading_VVG comparison_NN groups_NNS (_( N_NP =_SYM 349_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT randomization_NN was_VBD carried_VVN out_RP by_IN the_DT researchers_NNS separately_RB for_IN each_DT participating_VVG organization_NN ._SENT Two_CD researchers_NNS shuffled_VVD the_DT received_VVN sealed_JJ questionnaire_NN envelopes_NNS and_CC dealt_VVD them_PP into_IN two_CD piles_NNS ._SENT The_DT results_NNS of_IN the_DT randomization_NN were_VBD sent_VVN to_TO the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT Those_DT randomized_VVN into_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN were_VBD invited_VVN to_TO take_VV part_NN in_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN workshop_NN ,_, whereas_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN received_VVD printed_JJ information_NN about_IN career_NN and_CC health-related_JJ issues_NNS ._SENT At_IN the_DT end_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN ,_, both_CC groups_NNS received_VVD a_DT follow-up_NN questionnaire_NN (_( Time_NP 2_CD [_SYM T2_NP ]_SYM )_) ._SENT These_DT T2_NP questionnaires_NNS were_VBD returned_VVN by_IN 570_CD (_( 79.4_CD %_NN )_) study_NN participants_NNS ._SENT In_IN order_NN to_TO obtain_VV long-term_JJ follow-up_NN data_NNS on_IN the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN ,_, we_PP sent_VVD participants_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN and_CC the_DT respective_JJ comparison_NN group_NN a_DT questionnaire_NN 7_CD months_NNS after_IN the_DT respective_JJ intervention_NN (_( Time_NP 3_CD [_SYM T3_NP ]_SYM )_) ._SENT The_DT T3_NP questionnaires_NNS were_VBD returned_VVN by_IN 613_CD (_( 85.4_CD %_NN )_) study_NN participants_NNS ,_, 87.0_CD %_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN ,_, and_CC 83.7_CD %_NN of_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT The_DT greater_JJR response_NN rate_NN in_IN T3_NP was_VBD due_JJ to_TO telephone_NN reminders_NNS ,_, which_WDT we_PP used_VVD after_IN the_DT second_JJ reminder_NN questionnaires_NNS ._SENT Figure_NN 1_CD presents_NNS the_DT study_NN design_NN ._SENT It_PP includes_VVZ information_NN on_IN the_DT experimental_JJ design_NN and_CC the_DT size_NN of_IN the_DT various_JJ subgroups_NNS at_IN each_DT stage_NN of_IN the_DT study_NN period_NN ._SENT 
The_DT program_NN was_VBD delivered_VVN by_IN a_DT cotrainer_NN team_NN of_IN two_CD trainers_NNS ,_, and_CC the_DT recommendation_NN was_VBD that_IN/that one_CD of_IN them_PP represent_VVP the_DT occupational_JJ health_NN services_NNS (_( OHS_NP )_) and_CC the_DT other_JJ human_JJ resources_NNS (_( HR_NP )_) activities_NNS ._SENT This_DT was_VBD the_DT case_NN in_IN most_JJS organizations_NNS during_IN the_DT study_NN ,_, but_CC some_DT other_JJ combinations_NNS of_IN two_CD trainers_NNS existed_VVD ._SENT The_DT trainers_NNS were_VBD nominated_VVN by_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT Their_PP$ instruction_NN was_VBD provided_VVN by_IN the_DT FIOH_NP research_NN team_NN over_IN a_DT period_NN of_IN 4_CD days._NN The_DT trainers_NNS underwent_VVD the_DT whole_JJ training_NN program_NN and_CC were_VBD instructed_VVN in_IN the_DT principles_NNS of_IN learning_VVG and_CC given_VVN other_JJ related_JJ theoretical_JJ background_NN ._SENT They_PP also_RB received_VVD practical_JJ advice_NN ._SENT 
Study_NN participants_NNS randomized_VVN into_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN were_VBD contacted_VVN by_IN trainers_NNS in_IN the_DT organization_NN and_CC invited_VVN to_TO participate_VV in_IN a_DT 1-week_JJ group_NN intervention_NN workshop_NN ._SENT The_DT workshop_NN uses_VVZ methods_NNS such_JJ as_IN active_JJ learning_VVG process_NN ,_, social_JJ modeling_NN ,_, gradual_JJ exposure_NN ,_, and_CC practice_NN through_IN role_NN playing_NN ._SENT One_CD of_IN its_PP$ aims_NNS is_VBZ to_TO provide_VV inoculation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS ._SENT A_DT detailed_JJ version_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN process_NN and_CC contents_NNS can_MD be_VB found_VVN in_IN the_DT Towards_NP Successful_NP Seniority_NP Trainer_NP 's_POS Manual_NP (_( Vuori_NP ,_, Ristolainen_NP ,_, et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2008_CD )_) ._SENT 
The_DT groups_NNS ,_, comprising_VVG 8�15_JJ employees_NNS and_CC /_SYM or_CC supervisors_NNS ,_, assembled_VVN for_IN five_CD half-day_NN sessions_NNS that_WDT focused_VVD on_IN the_DT enhancement_NN of_IN career_NN management_NN skills_NNS ._SENT The_DT intervention_NN is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO achieve_VV its_PP$ goals_NNS through_IN the_DT creation_NN of_IN a_DT socially_RB supportive_JJ environment_NN that_WDT facilitates_VVZ positive_JJ interactions_NNS and_CC relationships_NNS between_IN trainers_NNS and_CC participants_NNS ,_, as_RB well_RB as_IN between_IN the_DT participants_NNS themselves_PP ._SENT The_DT training_NN is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO increase_VV participants_NNS '_POS job-search_NN self-efficacy_NN and_CC motivation_NN and_CC to_TO endorse_VV the_DT following_VVG career_NN management_NN skills_NNS :_: (_( a_DT )_) identifying_VVG and_CC communicating_VVG one_PP 's_POS skills_NNS and_CC abilities_NNS ,_, (_( b_LS )_) identifying_VVG and_CC using_VVG one_PP 's_POS social_JJ network_NN and_CC solving_VVG conflicts_NNS in_IN social_JJ relationships_NNS ,_, (_( c_LS )_) developing_JJ assertiveness_NN at_IN work_NN ,_, (_( d_LS )_) developing_JJ stress_NN management_NN skills_NNS ,_, and_CC (_( e_LS )_) building_NN commitment_NN to_TO one_CD 's_POS personal_JJ work-related_JJ plan_NN for_IN the_DT near_JJ future_NN ._SENT 
The_DT workshops_NNS were_VBD organized_VVN in_IN classrooms_NNS or_CC similar_JJ sites_NNS in_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT Typically_RB ,_, the_DT interventions_NNS were_VBD arranged_VVN as_IN five_CD 4-hr_JJ morning_NN sessions_NNS in_IN the_DT course_NN of_IN 1_CD week_NN ._SENT In_IN some_DT organizations_NNS the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD performed_VVN over_IN three_CD full_JJ days._NP Coffee_NP and_CC sandwiches_NNS were_VBD served_VVN at_IN each_DT session_NN ._SENT In_IN total_NN ,_, 34_CD workshops_NNS were_VBD conducted_VVN ,_, with_IN the_DT size_NN of_IN the_DT groups_NNS varying_VVG between_IN 8_CD and_CC 15_CD participants_NNS ._SENT Average_JJ group_NN size_NN was_VBD 11._CD At_IN the_DT end_NN of_IN the_DT program_NN ,_, participants_NNS were_VBD given_VVN the_DT opportunity_NN to_TO complete_VV the_DT T2_JJ questionnaire_NN on_IN the_DT immediate_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT interventions_NNS ._SENT 
Comparison_NP Group_NP 
Study_NN participants_NNS in_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN were_VBD given_VVN a_DT literature_NN package_NN that_WDT provided_VVD basic_JJ career_NN management-related_JJ information_NN and_CC included_VVD a_DT pocket_NN guide_NN for_IN the_DT maintenance_NN of_IN work_NN ability_NN and_CC well-being_NN and_CC the_DT prevention_NN of_IN stress_NN ._SENT This_DT material_NN was_VBD given_VVN to_TO the_DT members_NNS of_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN during_IN the_DT week_NN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN received_VVD their_PP$ training_NN ._SENT In_IN some_DT organizations_NNS ,_, the_DT comparison_NN group_NN was_VBD assembled_VVN at_IN the_DT end_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN week_NN to_TO complete_VV the_DT T2_NP questionnaire_NN survey_NN ,_, whereas_IN in_IN others_NNS the_DT questionnaire_NN surveys_NNS were_VBD posted_VVN to_TO the_DT comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT We_PP checked_VVD whether_IN the_DT participants_NNS had_VHD actually_RB read_VVN the_DT material_NN at_IN T2_NP ,_, and_CC statistical_JJ analyses_NNS were_VBD carried_VVN out_RP to_TO compare_VV the_DT main_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT reading_NN on_IN our_PP$ outcome_NN variables_NNS among_IN those_DT who_WP had_VHD read_VVN either_CC a_DT lot_NN or_CC some_DT of_IN the_DT material_NN and_CC those_DT who_WP had_VHD not_RB read_VVN the_DT material_NN ._SENT The_DT results_NNS showed_VVD that_IN/that there_EX were_VBD no_DT differences_NNS between_IN the_DT two_CD groups_NNS ,_, and_CC consequently_RB we_PP kept_VVD this_DT group_NN as_IN one_CD comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT 
Effectiveness_NN of_IN Randomization_NP ,_, Response_NP Rates_NP ,_, and_CC Attrition_NP 
Successful_JJ randomization_NN is_VBZ critical_JJ for_IN the_DT protection_NN of_IN the_DT internal_JJ validity_NN of_IN our_PP$ study_NN 's_POS experimental_JJ design_NN ._SENT Comparisons_NNS between_IN the_DT comparison_NN and_CC intervention_NN groups_NNS did_VVD not_RB reveal_VV any_DT statistically_RB significant_JJ differences_NNS in_IN socioeconomic_JJ background_NN variables_NNS such_JJ as_IN gender_NN ,_, age_NN ,_, education_NN ,_, or_CC marital_JJ status_NN (_( see_VV Table_NP 1_CD )_) ._SENT Similarly_RB ,_, no_DT statistically_RB significant_JJ differences_NNS were_VBD detected_VVN at_IN baseline_NN (_( T1_NP )_) in_IN the_DT outcome_NN measures_NNS of_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC exhaustion_NN ,_, intention_NN to_TO retire_VV early_JJ ,_, or_CC mental_JJ resources_NNS ._SENT As_IN there_EX had_VHD been_VBN changes_NNS in_IN 10_CD out_RB of_IN 17_CD organizations_NNS we_PP also_RB checked_VVD whether_IN the_DT respondents_NNS differed_VVD in_IN relation_NN to_TO perceived_VVN job_NN insecurity_NN ,_, but_CC we_PP found_VVD no_DT differences_NNS ._SENT The_DT attrition_NN in_IN experimental_JJ design_NN was_VBD analyzed_VVN following_VVG the_DT recommendations_NNS of_IN Hansen_NP ,_, Collins_NP ,_, Malotte_NP ,_, Jonson_NP ,_, and_CC Fielding_NP (_( 1985_CD )_) ._SENT 
The_DT dropout_NN effect_NN in_IN T3_NP was_VBD controlled_VVN ,_, as_RB was_VBD the_DT no-show_NN bias_NN in_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT Compared_VVN with_IN respondents_NNS who_WP provided_VVD data_NNS for_IN the_DT T3_NP follow-up_NN ,_, dropouts_NNS had_VHD significantly_RB more_JJR symptoms_NNS of_IN exhaustion_NN ,_, t_NN (_( 125_CD [_SYM unequal_JJ variances_NNS ]_SYM )_) =_SYM 2.41_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .05_CD ,_, and_CC their_PP$ mental_JJ resources_NNS were_VBD lower_JJR ,_, t_NN (_( 705_CD )_) =_SYM 2.08_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .05_CD ,_, but_CC no_DT other_JJ significant_JJ differences_NNS in_IN demographic_JJ or_CC outcome_NN variables_NNS were_VBD found_VVN ._SENT There_EX were_VBD no_DT significant_JJ differences_NNS in_IN dropout_NN group_NN in_IN any_DT of_IN the_DT outcome_NN variables_NNS between_IN the_DT intervention_NN and_CC the_DT comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT 
Of_IN the_DT 369_CD participants_NNS in_IN the_DT intervention_NN groups_NNS ,_, 25_CD (_( 6_CD %_NN )_) did_VVD not_RB participate_VV in_IN the_DT Towards_NP Successful_NP Seniority_NP group_NN ._SENT On_IN comparison_NN with_IN the_DT demographic_JJ characteristics_NNS of_IN participants_NNS and_CC nonparticipants_NNS (_( no-shows_NN )_) ,_, we_PP found_VVD two_CD statistically_RB significant_JJ differences_NNS :_: No-shows_NN had_VHD lower_JJR levels_NNS of_IN career_NN management_NN self-efficacy_NN than_IN group_NN participants_NNS (_( p_NN <_SYM .05_CD )_) and_CC were_VBD more_JJR often_RB employed_VVN by_IN the_DT government_NN than_IN were_VBD the_DT participants_NNS (_( p_NN <_SYM .05_CD )_) ._SENT There_EX were_VBD no_DT differences_NNS in_IN the_DT outcome_NN measures_NNS at_IN baseline_NN between_IN no-shows_NN and_CC participants_NNS ._SENT However_RB ,_, to_TO prevent_VV selection_NN bias_NN ,_, we_PP based_VVD the_DT comparisons_NNS in_IN all_DT of_IN our_PP$ analyses_NNS on_IN the_DT complete_JJ randomized_VVN intervention_NN group_NN that_WDT includes_VVZ both_CC the_DT intervention_NN participants_NNS and_CC the_DT nonparticipants_NNS (_( no-shows_NN )_) ._SENT Consequently_RB ,_, as_IN a_DT small_JJ part_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN in_IN our_PP$ statistical_JJ analyses_NNS did_VVD not_RB receive_VV the_DT training_NN at_IN all_DT ,_, the_DT results_NNS may_MD give_VV somewhat_RB conservative_JJ estimates_NNS of_IN the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT program_NN ._SENT 
Measures_NNS 
All_DT of_IN the_DT study_NN measures_NNS were_VBD included_VVN in_IN the_DT baseline_NN and_CC in_IN the_DT 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN questionnaire_NN surveys_NNS ._SENT Table_NN 2_CD shows_NNS the_DT reliability_NN scores_NNS (_( Cronbach_NP 's_POS alpha_NN )_) for_IN the_DT scales_NNS ._SENT 
Demographic_JJ characteristics_NNS were_VBD assessed_VVN with_IN standard_JJ survey_NN questions_NNS for_IN reporting_VVG age_NN ,_, gender_NN ,_, marital_JJ status_NN ,_, education_NN ,_, and_CC occupation_NN ._SENT Job_NN security_NN was_VBD measured_VVN using_VVG one_CD question_NN :_: �How_NN secure_JJ do_VVP you_PP consider_VV your_PP$ present_JJ job_NN ?_SENT �_NN The_DT scale_NN ranged_VVD from_IN 1_CD (_( very_RB secure_JJ )_) to_TO 5_CD (_( very_RB insecure_JJ )_) ._SENT 
Career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN was_VBD composed_VVN of_IN two_CD scales_NNS :_: career_NN management_NN self-efficacy_NN and_CC preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS ._SENT To_TO be_VB prepared_VVN to_TO manage_VV one_CD 's_POS career_NN successfully_RB ,_, one_PP needs_VVZ to_TO be_VB confident_JJ of_IN performing_VVG the_DT relevant_JJ activities_NNS and_CC be_VB ready_JJ to_TO overcome_VV difficulties_NNS and_CC setbacks_NNS ._SENT Career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN was_VBD calculated_VVN as_IN a_DT sum_NN of_IN all_PDT the_DT items_NNS of_IN the_DT career_NN management_NN and_CC preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS ._SENT Career_NN management_NN self-efficacy_NN was_VBD measured_VVN with_IN 10_CD items_NNS that_WDT were_VBD considered_VVN by_IN experts_NNS to_TO be_VB the_DT most_RBS central_JJ for_IN successful_JJ and_CC occupationally_RB healthy_JJ career_NN management_NN in_IN unpredictable_JJ career_NN environments_NNS ._SENT Respondents_NNS were_VBD asked_VVN about_IN their_PP$ confidence_NN in_IN the_DT following_NN :_: seeing_VVG challenges_NNS of_IN work_NN as_IN an_DT opportunity_NN to_TO learn_VV ,_, solving_VVG problems_NNS at_IN work_NN ,_, being_VBG able_JJ to_TO learn_VV new_JJ things_NNS ,_, changing_VVG jobs_NNS if_IN one_PP wants_VVZ to_TO ,_, staying_VVG active_JJ and_CC vigorous_JJ ,_, taking_VVG care_NN of_IN one_CD 's_POS health_NN ,_, managing_VVG stress_NN at_IN work_NN ,_, keeping_VVG a_DT balance_NN between_IN work_NN and_CC family_NN life_NN ,_, being_VBG assertive_JJ at_IN work_NN ,_, and_CC handling_VVG conflicts_NNS at_IN work_NN ._SENT The_DT preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS measure_NN consisted_VVD of_IN three_CD items_NNS (_( Vinokur_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 1995_CD ;_: Vuori_NP &_CC Vinokur_NP ,_, 2005_CD )_) ._SENT Respondents_NNS were_VBD asked_VVN (_( a_DT )_) �Do_NN you_PP have_VHP backup_JJ plans_NNS in_IN case_NN of_IN possible_JJ setbacks_NNS ?_SENT �_NP (_( b_LS )_) �Do_NN you_PP believe_VVP you_PP would_MD still_RB be_VB able_JJ to_TO concentrate_VV on_IN your_PP$ career_NN after_IN possible_JJ difficulties_NNS and_CC setbacks_NNS ?_SENT �_NP (_( c_LS )_) �Do_NN you_PP believe_VVP you_PP would_MD be_VB able_JJ to_TO continue_VV your_PP$ career_NN after_IN possible_JJ difficulties_NNS and_CC setbacks_NNS ?_SENT �_NN The_DT scale_NN ranged_VVD from_IN 1_CD (_( very_RB much_RB or_CC very_RB well_RB )_) to_TO 5_CD (_( very_RB few_JJ or_CC very_RB poorly_RB )_) ._SENT 
Depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS were_VBD measured_VVN with_IN the_DT 13-item_NP Beck_NP Depression_NP Inventory_NP (_( Beck_NP &_CC Beck_NP ,_, 1972_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT reliability_NN of_IN the_DT measure_NN was_VBD 0.86_JJ ._SENT 
Exhaustion_NN was_VBD measured_VVN with_IN one_CD of_IN the_DT three_CD dimensions_NNS of_IN the_DT Maslach_NP Burnout_NP Inventory�General_NP Survey_NP (_( MBI-GS_NP ;_: Kalimo_NP ,_, Hakanen_NP ,_, &_CC Toppinen-Tanner_NP ,_, 2006_CD ;_: Maslach_NP ,_, Jackson_NP ,_, &_CC Leiter_NP ,_, 1996_CD )_) ._SENT Exhaustion_NN consisted_VVD of_IN five_CD items_NNS on_IN overstrain_NN ,_, tiredness_NN ,_, or_CC fatigue_VV resulting_VVG from_IN overtaxing_VVG work_NN ._SENT 
Work_NN engagement_NN was_VBD measured_VVN with_IN the_DT short_JJ ,_, nine-item_JJ version_NN of_IN the_DT Utrecht_NP Work_NP Engagement_NP Scale_NP (_( UWES-9_NP ;_: Schaufeli_NP ,_, Bakker_NP ,_, &_CC Salanova_NP ,_, 2006_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT scale_NN includes_VVZ items_NNS from_IN the_DT three_CD dimensions_NNS of_IN work_NN engagement_NN :_: vigor_NN ,_, dedication_NN ,_, and_CC absorption_NN ._SENT The_DT items_NNS were_VBD rated_VVN on_IN a_DT 7-point_JJ scale_NN ranging_VVG from_IN 0_CD (_( never_RB )_) to_TO 6_CD (_( always_RB )_) ._SENT 
Mental_JJ resources_NNS were_VBD measured_VVN with_IN three_CD items_NNS from_IN the_DT Work_NP Ability_NP Index_NP (_( WAI_NP )_) (_( Tuomi_NP ,_, Ilmarinen_NP ,_, Jahkola_NP ,_, Katajarinne_NP ,_, &_CC Tulkki_NP ,_, 1998_CD )_) ,_, where_WRB Mental_NP Resources_NP is_VBZ one_CD of_IN the_DT seven_CD subscales_NNS ._SENT It_PP included_VVD items_NNS on_IN enjoying_VVG daily_JJ tasks_NNS ,_, activity_NN and_CC life_NN spirit_NN ,_, and_CC optimism_NN about_IN the_DT future_NN ._SENT 
Intention_NN to_TO retire_VV early_JJ was_VBD elicited_VVN with_IN one_CD question_NN :_: �Have_NN you_PP considered_VVD applying_VVG for_IN work_NN disability_NN pension_NN ,_, early_JJ retirement_NN ,_, or_CC some_DT other_JJ retirement_NN allowance_NN ?_SENT �_NP (_( 1_CD =_SYM No_RB ,_, 2_CD =_SYM It_PP has_VHZ crossed_VVN my_PP$ mind_NN ,_, 3_CD =_SYM I_PP have_VHP seriously_RB considered_VVN it_PP ,_, 4_CD =_SYM I_PP have_VHP applied_VVN for_IN retirement_NN )_) ._SENT The_DT items_NNS are_VBP used_VVN in_IN Finnish_JJ population_NN barometers_NNS ,_, such_JJ as_IN the_DT Quality_NP of_IN Work_NP Life_NP Survey_NP ,_, which_WDT investigates_VVZ work_NN characteristics_NNS and_CC work_NN behavior_NN in_IN different_JJ occupations_NNS (_( Statistics_NP Finland_NP ,_, n.d._NP )_) ._SENT 
The_DT integrity_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN and_CC its_PP$ immediate_JJ impact_NN were_VBD assessed_VVN with_IN the_DT reports_NNS of_IN the_DT participants_NNS after_IN the_DT last_JJ session_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT Participants_NNS were_VBD asked_VVN to_TO provide_VV information_NN on_IN the_DT extent_NN to_TO which_WDT various_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN the_DT group_NN process_NN and_CC the_DT other_JJ participants_NNS '_POS behavior_NN were_VBD positive_JJ ,_, rewarding_JJ ,_, and_CC relevant_JJ to_TO their_PP$ participation_NN ._SENT Their_PP$ answers_NNS were_VBD provided_VVN using_VVG thirteen_CD 5-point_JJ rating_NN scales_NNS (_( 1_CD =_SYM most_RBS negative_JJ rating_NN ,_, 5_CD =_SYM most_RBS positive_JJ rating_NN )_) ._SENT 
Statistical_NP Analysis_NP 
Regarding_VVG the_DT first_JJ hypothesis_NN ,_, the_DT effectiveness_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD evaluated_VVN by_IN comparing_VVG the_DT proximal_JJ changes_NNS in_IN preparedness_NN from_IN baseline_JJ measurement_NN T1_JJ to_TO the_DT T2_NP measurement_NN immediately_RB after_IN the_DT intervention_NN ended_VVD and_CC by_IN comparing_VVG this_DT change_NN to_TO that_DT measured_VVN in_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT The_DT second_JJ and_CC third_JJ hypotheses_NNS on_IN the_DT 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN were_VBD evaluated_VVN by_IN comparing_VVG the_DT changes_NNS in_IN studied_VVN variables_NNS from_IN baseline_JJ measurement_NN T1_JJ to_TO the_DT T3_NP measurement_NN 7_CD months_NNS after_IN the_DT end_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN program_NN and_CC by_IN comparing_VVG this_DT change_NN to_TO that_DT measured_VVN in_IN the_DT comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT 
A_DT random_JJ intercept_NN mixed-effects_NNS model_NN was_VBD used_VVN for_IN evaluating_VVG these_DT immediate_JJ and_CC 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN effects_NNS ._SENT The_DT use_NN of_IN this_DT model_NN provides_VVZ correct_JJ standard_JJ errors_NNS when_WRB nonindependence_NN exists_VVZ in_IN data_NNS (_( Bliese_NP &_CC Hanges_NP ,_, 2004_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN these_DT analyses_NNS ,_, organization_NN was_VBD used_VVN as_IN a_DT random_JJ term_NN ._SENT We_PP calculated_VVD intraclass_JJ correlations_NNS (_( ICC_NP )_) to_TO provide_VV information_NN on_IN each_DT outcome_NN variable_NN of_IN the_DT amount_NN of_IN variance_NN that_WDT exists_VVZ among_IN organizations_NNS ._SENT Group_NN membership_NN (_( group_NN intervention_NN ,_, literature_NN package_NN )_) and_CC the_DT baseline_JJ value_NN measurement_NN were_VBD the_DT main_JJ independent_JJ variables_NNS in_IN the_DT analyses_NNS ._SENT The_DT group_NN represented_VVD the_DT difference_NN in_IN the_DT effects_NNS (_( change_NN in_IN levels_NNS of_IN dependent_JJ variables_NNS )_) between_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN and_CC the_DT comparison_NN group_NN on_IN the_DT dependent_JJ outcome_NN variables_NNS during_IN the_DT follow-up_NN time_NN ._SENT Residuals_NNS were_VBD checked_VVN for_IN all_DT variables_NNS in_IN the_DT mixed-effects_NNS analyses_NNS ._SENT Residuals_NNS for_IN the_DT �intention_NN to_TO retire_VV early�_NN and_CC for_IN the_DT �mental_JJ resources_NNS '_POS variables_NNS were_VBD skewed_VVN ,_, and_CC the_DT respective_JJ analyses_NNS can_MD be_VB regarded_VVN as_IN suggestive_JJ ._SENT Residuals_NNS of_IN other_JJ variables_NNS showed_VVD clear_JJ unimodal_NN and_CC close_VV to_TO normal_JJ distribution_NN ._SENT 
Based_VVN on_IN our_PP$ hypotheses_NNS ,_, the_DT dependent_JJ outcome_NN variables_NNS were_VBD career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ,_, depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, intention_NN to_TO retire_VV early_RB ,_, work_NN engagement_NN ,_, and_CC mental_JJ resources_NNS ._SENT In_IN the_DT analyses_NNS ,_, age_NN ,_, gender_NN ,_, and_CC respective_JJ baseline_JJ measurement_NN of_IN each_DT dependent_JJ variable_NN were_VBD controlled_VVN ._SENT 
At_IN the_DT second_JJ stage_NN of_IN analyses_NNS ,_, we_PP investigated_VVD if_IN some_DT specific_JJ ,_, more_RBR targeted_VVN groups_NNS would_MD benefit_VV most_JJS from_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT Based_VVN on_IN our_PP$ expectations_NNS ,_, the_DT moderating_VVG effects_NNS were_VBD studied_VVN by_IN adding_VVG interaction_NN terms_NNS of_IN the_DT group_NN variable_NN with_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, or_CC age_NN into_IN each_DT model_NN separately_RB ._SENT 
With_IN regard_NN to_TO our_PP$ fourth_JJ hypothesis_NN ,_, we_PP used_VVD a_DT three-step_NN procedure_NN to_TO study_VV the_DT mediating_VVG effect_NN of_IN preparedness_NN between_IN intervention_NN program_NN and_CC the_DT outcomes_NNS at_IN T3_NP (_( Baron_NP &_CC Kenny_NP ,_, 1986_CD )_) ._SENT First_RB ,_, preparedness_NN was_VBD modeled_VVN at_IN time_NN T2_NP to_TO study_VV the_DT effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN program_NN on_IN preparedness_NN ._SENT Next_JJ ,_, two_CD models_NNS ,_, with_IN and_CC without_IN the_DT preparedness_NN measurement_NN at_IN T2_NP ,_, were_VBD modeled_VVN to_TO study_VV the_DT effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN program_NN on_IN the_DT outcome_NN variables_NNS ._SENT A_DT variable_JJ functions_NNS as_IN a_DT mediator_NN when_WRB it_PP either_RB eliminates_VVZ or_CC significantly_RB reduces_VVZ the_DT effect_NN of_IN the_DT independent_JJ variable_NN (_( group_NN )_) on_IN the_DT outcome_NN ._SENT In_IN addition_NN we_PP studied_VVD the_DT mediational_JJ role_NN of_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN using_VVG the_DT indirect_JJ effect_NN estimation_NN method_NN of_IN Preacher_NP and_CC Hayes_NP (_( 2008_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN these_DT analyses_NNS we_PP used_VVD Indirect-macro_NN for_IN SAS_NP applying_VVG bootstrap_NN results_NNS ._SENT 
We_PP used_VVD the_DT multiple_JJ imputation_NN method_NN to_TO treat_VV missing_JJ data_NNS (_( the_DT MI_NP and_CC the_DT MIANALYZE_JJ procedures_NNS of_IN the_DT SAS_NP /_SYM STAT_NP software_NN )_) ._SENT We_PP had_VHD a_DT small_JJ number_NN of_IN missing_JJ values_NNS (_( 0�15_JJ missing_JJ values_NNS )_) in_IN variables_NNS used_VVN in_IN main_JJ and_CC interaction_NN effects_NNS analyses_NNS models_NNS ._SENT The_DT results_NNS of_IN the_DT MCAR_NP test_NN (_( Little_NP ,_, 1988_CD )_) showed_VVD that_IN/that the_DT missing_JJ values_NNS were_VBD not_RB missing_VVG completely_RB at_IN random_JJ (_( ?_SENT 2_CD =_SYM 141.997_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .05_CD )_) ._SENT We_PP excluded_VVD the_DT dropouts_NNS at_IN Time_NP 3_CD (_( T3_NP )_) from_IN the_DT main_JJ and_CC interaction_NN effects_NNS analyses_NNS ._SENT In_IN other_JJ analyses_NNS ,_, a_DT listwise_JJ deletion_NN of_IN missing_JJ values_NNS was_VBD used_VVN ._SENT 
We_PP also_RB calculated_VVD effect_NN sizes_NNS with_IN Cohen_NP d_SYM estimates_VVZ for_IN the_DT subgroups_NNS based_VVN on_IN the_DT statistically_RB significant_JJ interaction_NN terms_NNS ._SENT Effect_NN sizes_NNS are_VBP used_VVN to_TO give_VV an_DT indication_NN of_IN the_DT meaningfulness_NN or_CC practical_JJ significance_NN of_IN a_DT difference_NN between_IN the_DT means_NNS of_IN different_JJ subgroups_NNS (_( Steyn_NP &_CC Ellis_NP ,_, 2009_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN our_PP$ study_NN ,_, they_PP represent_VVP standardized_JJ differences_NNS of_IN means_NNS between_IN the_DT different_JJ levels_NNS of_IN depression_NN ,_, exhaustion_NN ,_, and_CC age_NN due_JJ to_TO the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT According_VVG to_TO the_DT estimate_NN sizes_NNS ,_, values_NNS of_IN 0.20_CD to_TO 0.30_CD are_VBP considered_VVN small_JJ ,_, 0.50_CD medium_NN ,_, and_CC 0.80_CD large_JJ (_( Cohen_NP ,_, 1992_CD )_) ._SENT 
Results_NNS 
Integrity_NN of_IN the_DT Intervention_NN 
Participants_NNS '_POS evaluations_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN and_CC its_PP$ atmosphere_NN were_VBD positive_JJ ._SENT The_DT mean_JJ scores_NNS for_IN the_DT responses_NNS to_TO the_DT eight_CD items_NNS on_IN a_DT scale_NN from_IN 1_CD to_TO 5_CD ranged_VVN from_IN 4.0_CD to_TO 4.9_CD (_( SD_NP =_SYM 0.48�1.19_NN )_) ._SENT The_DT most_RBS positive_JJ responses_NNS were_VBD received_VVN in_IN connection_NN with_IN the_DT following_VVG statements_NNS :_: the_DT atmosphere_NN was_VBD positive_JJ and_CC supportive_JJ (_( M_NP =_SYM 4.9_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.48_CD )_) ,_, the_DT trainers_NNS indicated_VVD that_IN/that they_PP respected_VVD my_PP$ participation_NN (_( M_NP =_SYM 4.6_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.75_CD )_) ,_, the_DT trainers_NNS encouraged_VVD me_PP to_TO participate_VV in_IN learning_VVG tasks_NNS (_( M_NP =_SYM 4.5_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.79_CD )_) ,_, the_DT trainers_NNS inspired_VVD me_PP (_( M_NP =_SYM 4.3_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.99_CD )_) ,_, and_CC the_DT trainers_NNS made_VVD me_PP feel_VVP happy_JJ or_CC satisfied_JJ (_( M_NP =_SYM 4.3_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.97_CD )_) ._SENT 
When_WRB group_NN participants_NNS were_VBD asked_VVN to_TO evaluate_VV how_WRB much_JJ the_DT training_NN gave_VVD them_PP the_DT means_VVZ to_TO handle_VV various_JJ situations_NNS at_IN work_NN ,_, the_DT mean_JJ scores_NNS for_IN the_DT responses_NNS to_TO the_DT five_CD items_NNS on_IN a_DT scale_NN of_IN 1_CD to_TO 5_CD ranged_VVN from_IN 3.0_CD to_TO 3.7_CD (_( SD_NN =_SYM 0.48�1.01_JJ )_) ._SENT The_DT respondents_NNS reported_VVD that_IN/that the_DT training_NN provided_VVD means_NNS for_IN taking_VVG care_NN of_IN oneself_PP (_( M_NP =_SYM 3.7_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.93_CD )_) ,_, means_VVZ for_IN coping_VVG with_IN possible_JJ changes_NNS (_( M_NP =_SYM 3.4_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.86_CD )_) ,_, means_VVZ for_IN taking_VVG care_NN of_IN human_JJ relations_NNS (_( M_NP =_SYM 3.2_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.94_CD )_) ,_, means_VVZ for_IN solving_VVG conflicts_NNS at_IN work_NN (_( M_NP =_SYM 3.1_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 0.88_CD )_) and_CC means_VVZ for_IN planning_VVG one_PP 's_POS career_NN (_( M_NP =_SYM 3.0_CD ,_, SD_NP =_SYM 1.01_CD )_) ._SENT 
Table_NN 3_CD presents_NNS the_DT means_NN and_CC standard_JJ deviations_NNS of_IN the_DT study_NN variables_NNS in_IN both_CC the_DT intervention_NN and_CC the_DT comparison_NN group_NN ._SENT The_DT correlations_NNS between_IN the_DT study_NN variables_NNS and_CC reliability_NN scores_NNS of_IN the_DT study_NN variables_NNS (_( Cronbach_NP 's_POS alpha_NN )_) are_VBP presented_VVN in_IN Table_NP 2._CD 
Hypothesis_NN 1_CD :_: Proximal_JJ Effect_NN of_IN the_DT Intervention_NN on_IN Preparedness_NN 
As_IN the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD designed_VVN to_TO promote_VV preparedness_NN for_IN career_NN management_NN ,_, comprising_VVG career_NN management_NN self-efficacies_NNS and_CC preparation_NN against_IN setbacks_NNS ,_, the_DT proximal_JJ impact_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD assessed_VVN using_VVG this_DT scale_NN ._SENT 1_CD In_IN a_DT paired_VVN t_NN test_NN ,_, the_DT difference_NN in_IN change_NN in_IN preparedness_NN values_NNS from_IN T1_NP to_TO T2_NP was_VBD significant_JJ ,_, t_NN (_( 558_CD )_) =_SYM 3.50_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .001_CD ._SENT The_DT impact_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD analyzed_VVN using_VVG mixed-effects_NNS modeling_VVG ,_, in_IN which_WDT organization_NN was_VBD treated_VVN as_IN a_DT random_JJ effect_NN ._SENT The_DT results_NNS showed_VVD that_IN/that the_DT intervention_NN was_VBD effective_JJ as_IN hypothesized_VVN (_( Hypothesis_NP 1_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN the_DT immediate_JJ follow-up_NN (_( T2_NP )_) after_IN the_DT intervention_NN ,_, preparedness_NN for_IN career_NN management_NN increased_VVD significantly_RB in_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN compared_VVN to_TO the_DT comparison_NN group_NN (_( coefficient_NN =_SYM 0.104_CD ,_, SE_NP =_SYM 0.028_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .001_CD ;_: see_VVP Table_NP 4_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT Cohen_NP 's_POS d_NN value_NN was_VBD 0.31_CD ,_, indicating_VVG medium-sized_JJ effect_NN ._SENT 
We_PP found_VVD partial_JJ support_NN for_IN our_PP$ two_CD hypotheses_NNS regarding_VVG the_DT main_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT Both_CC depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV decreased_VVN significantly_RB in_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN compared_VVN to_TO the_DT comparison_NN group_NN (_( p_NN <_SYM .05_CD ;_: see_VVP Table_NP 4_CD )_) ._SENT Moreover_RB ,_, mental_JJ resources_NNS increased_VVN in_IN the_DT intervention_NN group_NN compared_VVN to_TO the_DT comparison_NN group_NN (_( p_NN <_SYM .05_CD )_) ._SENT As_IN there_EX was_VBD no_DT significant_JJ decrease_NN in_IN exhaustion_NN as_IN a_DT result_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN ,_, the_DT second_JJ hypothesis_NN was_VBD only_RB partially_RB supported_VVN ._SENT The_DT main_JJ effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN work_NN engagement_NN was_VBD significant_JJ only_RB in_IN one-sided_JJ testing_NN ._SENT The_DT mean_JJ engagement_NN values_NNS in_IN the_DT experimental_JJ group_NN had_VHD lower_JJR baseline_NN values_NNS than_IN in_IN the_DT control_NN group_NN ,_, and_CC after_IN the_DT intervention_NN they_PP reached_VVD about_IN the_DT same_JJ level_NN with_IN the_DT control_NN group_NN ._SENT This_DT is_VBZ the_DT main_JJ reason_NN why_WRB mean_JJ engagement_NN values_NNS are_VBP negatively_RB correlated_VVN with_IN the_DT experimental_JJ condition_NN ._SENT In_IN our_PP$ results_NNS we_PP can_MD see_VV a_DT phenomenon_NN similar_JJ to_TO suppression_NN ._SENT The_DT experimental_JJ effect_NN is_VBZ visible_JJ when_WRB we_PP analyze_VVP data_NNS as_IN changes_NNS or_CC by_IN adding_VVG baseline_JJ measurement_NN into_IN the_DT model_NN (_( Kline_NP ,_, 2005_CD ,_, pp_NP ._SENT 37�38_JJ )_) ,_, and_CC effect_NN is_VBZ only_RB significant_JJ in_IN one-sided_JJ testing_NN ._SENT Analysis_NN of_IN the_DT ICCs_NP showed_VVD that_IN/that statistically_RB significant_JJ variation_NN occurred_VVD only_RB in_IN the_DT exhaustion_NN scale_NN between_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS (_( ICC_NP =_SYM 0.044_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .05_CD ;_: see_VVP Table_NP 5_CD )_) ._SENT The_DT Cohen_NP 's_POS d_NN values_NNS for_IN the_DT significant_JJ main_JJ effects_NNS varied_VVN between_IN -0.14_CD and_CC 0.22_CD ,_, indicating_VVG effect_NN sizes_NNS between_IN small_JJ and_CC very_RB small_JJ ._SENT 
The_DT second_JJ set_NN of_IN multivariate_JJ analyses_NNS was_VBD more_RBR exploratory_JJ in_IN nature_NN ._SENT We_PP found_VVD that_IN/that ,_, in_IN addition_NN to_TO the_DT direct_JJ effects_NNS of_IN participation_NN in_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN on_IN mental_JJ health_NN and_CC work_NN career_NN ,_, the_DT intervention_NN had_VHD significant_JJ interactive_JJ effects_NNS with_IN the_DT level_NN of_IN baseline_JJ depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS on_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC on_IN mental_JJ resources_NNS at_IN follow-up_NN ._SENT The_DT participants_NNS with_IN an_DT elevated_JJ level_NN of_IN depression_NN at_IN baseline_NN benefited_VVD more_JJR from_IN the_DT intervention_NN than_IN those_DT with_IN lower_JJR levels_NNS ._SENT The_DT intervention_NN also_RB had_VHD significant_JJ interactive_JJ effects_NNS with_IN the_DT level_NN of_IN baseline_JJ exhaustion_NN on_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC on_IN work_NN engagement_NN at_IN follow-up_NN ._SENT The_DT participants_NNS with_IN an_DT elevated_JJ level_NN of_IN exhaustion_NN at_IN baseline_NN benefited_VVD most_RBS ._SENT Moreover_RB ,_, younger_JJR participants_NNS seemed_VVD to_TO benefit_VV from_IN the_DT intervention_NN ,_, as_IN it_PP had_VHD a_DT significant_JJ interaction_NN with_IN age_NN (_( see_VV Table_NP 4_CD )_) ._SENT 
As_IN the_DT beneficial_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN were_VBD largest_JJS among_IN those_DT participants_NNS with_IN either_DT highest_JJS values_NNS for_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS or_CC exhaustion_NN or_CC those_DT with_IN lowest_JJS values_NNS for_IN age_NN ,_, we_PP roughly_RB estimated_VVD the_DT effect_NN sizes_NNS in_IN these_DT subgroups_NNS ._SENT We_PP subdivided_VVD the_DT study_NN data_NNS into_IN three_CD separate_JJ analyses_NNS into_IN subgroups_NNS ,_, which_WDT were_VBD quarters_NNS with_IN highest_JJS values_NNS for_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC exhaustion_NN and_CC those_DT with_IN lowest_JJS values_NNS for_IN age_NN ,_, respectively_RB ._SENT When_WRB we_PP examined_VVD the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN outcome_NN variables_NNS in_IN these_DT subgroups_NNS ,_, corresponding_VVG to_TO the_DT found_VVN interaction_NN effects_NNS ,_, the_DT respective_JJ absolute_JJ d_NN values_NNS varied_VVN between_IN 0.32_CD and_CC 0.47_CD ,_, indicating_VVG medium-sized_JJ effects_NNS ._SENT 
Hypothesis_NN 4_CD :_: Mediation_NN of_IN the_DT Effects_NNS 
The_DT mediation_NN analyses_NNS demonstrated_VVD that_IN/that the_DT intervention_NN significantly_RB increased_VVD career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN (_( Hypothesis_NP 1_CD )_) ._SENT In_IN the_DT mediator_NN models_NNS ,_, where_WRB preparedness_NN was_VBD included_VVN in_IN the_DT models_NNS as_IN a_DT mediator_NN ,_, the_DT originally_RB significant_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN outcome_NN variables_NNS disappeared_VVN (_( see_VV first_JJ row_NN of_IN Table_NP 6_CD )_) ._SENT Consequently_RB ,_, we_PP concluded_VVD that_IN/that the_DT found_VVN increase_NN in_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN at_IN T2_NP mediated_VVD the_DT found_VVD longer_JJR term_NN beneficial_JJ mental_JJ health_NN and_CC career_NN effects_NNS ,_, supporting_VVG our_PP$ Hypothesis_NP 4._CD 
For_IN control_NN purposes_NNS we_PP also_RB calculated_VVD the_DT main_JJ results_NNS of_IN Table_NP 4_CD without_IN imputation_NN ,_, which_WDT verified_VVD the_DT results_NNS ._SENT We_PP also_RB checked_VVD whether_IN perceived_VVN security_NN of_IN one_CD 's_POS job_NN moderated_VVD the_DT studied_VVN effects_NNS and_CC found_VVD that_IN/that those_DT who_WP perceived_VVD their_PP$ work_NN as_IN insecure_JJ benefited_VVD more_JJR from_IN the_DT intervention_NN in_IN terms_NNS of_IN fewer_JJR thoughts_NNS of_IN early_JJ retirement_NN compared_VVN with_IN those_DT who_WP perceived_VVD their_PP$ jobs_NNS as_IN very_RB secure_JJ (_( coefficient_NN =_SYM -0.72_CD ,_, SE_NP =_SYM 0.19_CD ,_, p_NN <_SYM .01_CD )_) ._SENT There_EX were_VBD no_DT other_JJ interaction_NN effects_NNS of_IN perceived_VVN job_NN security_NN on_IN the_DT found_VVN effects_NNS ._SENT 
Regarding_VVG the_DT comparison_NN group_NN receiving_VVG the_DT literature_NN package_NN ,_, as_IN there_EX were_VBD no_DT significant_JJ differences_NNS in_IN the_DT mental_JJ health_NN effects_NNS between_IN those_DT who_WP reported_VVD reading_VVG all_DT or_CC a_DT lot_NN of_IN the_DT material_NN and_CC those_DT who_WP reported_VVD reading_VVG little_JJ or_CC none_NN of_IN it_PP ,_, the_DT effect_NN of_IN the_DT comparison_NN condition_NN on_IN the_DT studied_VVN outcome_NN variables_NNS can_MD be_VB estimated_VVN to_TO be_VB negligible_JJ ._SENT 
Discussion_NN 
Our_PP$ aim_NN was_VBD to_TO investigate_VV whether_IN a_DT preventive_NN ,_, resource-building_VVG group_NN intervention_NN designed_VVN to_TO enhance_VV career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN and_CC implemented_VVN universally_RB at_IN the_DT workplace_NN would_MD benefit_VV employees_NNS '_POS career_NN and_CC mental_JJ health_NN in_IN today_NN 's_VBZ rapidly_RB developing_VVG work_NN life_NN ._SENT We_PP employed_VVD a_DT social_JJ cognitive_JJ approach_NN based_VVN on_IN theoretical_JJ principles_NNS to_TO motivate_VV and_CC empower_VV participants_NNS to_TO apply_VV effective_JJ career_NN management_NN strategies_NNS and_CC practices_NNS when_WRB establishing_VVG desirable_JJ work_NN goals_NNS and_CC to_TO fulfill_VV these_DT goals_NNS during_IN their_PP$ careers_NNS ._SENT The_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN were_VBD investigated_VVN 7_CD months_NNS later_RBR in_IN a_DT controlled_JJ randomized_VVN field_NN study_NN ._SENT The_DT group_NN activities_NNS at_IN the_DT work_NN organizations_NNS were_VBD organized_VVN as_IN collaboration_NN between_IN the_DT human_JJ resources_NNS department_NN and_CC the_DT occupational_JJ health_NN service_NN provider_NN of_IN the_DT organization_NN in_IN question_NN ._SENT Trained_JJ group_NN trainers_NNS worked_VVN in_IN pairs_NNS in_IN their_PP$ own_JJ organization_NN and_CC used_VVN standardized_JJ method_NN manuals_NNS ._SENT 
The_DT results_NNS regarding_VVG the_DT main_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN both_CC immediately_RB after_IN the_DT intervention_NN and_CC at_IN 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN were_VBD fairly_RB well_RB in_IN line_NN with_IN our_PP$ hypotheses_NNS ._SENT The_DT proximal_JJ impact_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN showed_VVD a_DT significant_JJ increase_NN in_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ,_, fulfilling_VVG the_DT primary_JJ goal_NN that_IN/that we_PP had_VHD set_VVN for_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT In_IN the_DT longer_JJR run_NN ,_, at_IN the_DT 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN ,_, the_DT intervention_NN program_NN had_VHD significantly_RB decreased_VVN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS among_IN group_NN participants_NNS ._SENT This_DT is_VBZ an_DT important_JJ result_NN ,_, showing_VVG that_IN/that it_PP can_MD be_VB feasible_JJ and_CC effective_JJ to_TO enhance_VV employees_NNS '_POS resources_NNS for_IN proactively_RB better_RBR managing_VVG their_PP$ own_JJ career_NN in_IN organizations_NNS and_CC that_IN/that this_DT can_MD have_VH a_DT longer_JJR term_NN beneficial_JJ effect_NN on_IN the_DT mental_JJ health_NN of_IN employees_NNS ._SENT 
At_IN the_DT same_JJ time_NN ,_, the_DT main_JJ effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN the_DT decrease_NN in_IN exhaustion_NN was_VBD not_RB significant_JJ ._SENT Symptoms_NNS of_IN exhaustion_NN and_CC burnout_NNS seem_VVP to_TO be_VB more_RBR dependent_JJ on_IN the_DT work_NN and_CC career_NN environment_NN and_CC the_DT situation_NN than_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS (_( e.g._FW ,_, Varekamp_NP ,_, deVries_NNS ,_, Heutink_NP ,_, &_CC van_NN Dijk_NN ,_, 2008_CD )_) ._SENT Parallel_JJ to_TO this_DT ,_, previous_JJ research_NN suggests_VVZ that_IN/that exhaustion_NN can_MD be_VB more_RBR effectively_RB decreased_VVN by_IN interventions_NNS involving_VVG changes_NNS in_IN work_NN organization_NN and_CC procedures_NNS (_( H�tinen_NP ,_, Kinnunen_NP ,_, Pekkonen_NP ,_, &_CC Kalimo_NP ,_, 2007_CD ;_: Le_NP Blanc_NP ,_, Hox_NP ,_, Schaufeli_NP ,_, Taris_NP ,_, &_CC Peeters_NP ,_, 2007_CD )_) ,_, but_CC we_PP were_VBD unable_JJ to_TO influence_VV directly_RB the_DT organizational_JJ arrangements_NNS in_IN this_DT study_NN ._SENT This_DT emphasizes_VVZ the_DT need_NN to_TO integrate_VV resource-building_NN interventions_NNS in_IN organizations_NNS as_IN part_NN of_IN everyday_JJ organizational_JJ practices_NNS and_CC the_DT need_NN for_IN corresponding_JJ organizational_JJ arrangements_NNS if_IN so_RB indicated_VVN during_IN these_DT group_NN interventions_NNS ._SENT 
The_DT main_JJ effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN resulting_VVG in_IN the_DT increase_NN of_IN mental_JJ resources_NNS was_VBD significant_JJ but_CC somewhat_RB suggestive_JJ due_RB to_TO the_DT skewed_JJ measure_NN ._SENT The_DT increase_NN in_IN work_NN engagement_NN was_VBD significant_JJ only_RB in_IN one-sided_JJ testing_NN ._SENT Work_NN engagement_NN has_VHZ earlier_RBR been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO be_VB associated_VVN with_IN increases_NNS in_IN work-related_JJ self-efficacies_NNS and_CC is_VBZ hypothesized_VVN to_TO result_VV from_IN these_DT (_( Llorens_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2007_CD )_) ._SENT However_RB ,_, to_TO our_PP$ knowledge_NN no_DT intervention_NN studies_NNS exist_VVP that_RB demonstrate_VV a_DT significant_JJ longer_JJR term_NN effect_NN on_IN work_NN engagement_NN ._SENT Therefore_RB ,_, the_DT relationships_NNS between_IN self-efficacy-based_JJ interventions_NNS and_CC work_NN engagement_NN should_MD be_VB studied_VVN further_RBR ._SENT In_IN this_DT respect_NN ,_, our_PP$ findings_NNS can_MD be_VB seen_VVN as_IN encouraging_VVG ._SENT 
The_DT intervention_NN also_RB resulted_VVD in_IN a_DT significant_JJ decrease_NN in_IN intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV ._SENT It_PP is_VBZ promising_JJ that_WDT plans_VVZ to_TO retire_VV early_JJ can_MD be_VB influenced_VVN through_IN resource_NN enhancement_NN intervention_NN ._SENT Due_JJ to_TO the_DT somewhat_RB skewed_JJ measure_NN ,_, this_DT effect_NN can_MD be_VB considered_VVN more_RBR as_RB suggestive_JJ ._SENT The_DT role_NN of_IN psychological_JJ resources_NNS in_IN the_DT retirement_NN process_NN is_VBZ still_RB poorly_RB understood_VVN and_CC should_MD be_VB studied_VVN further_RBR (_( Volanen_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2010_CD )_) ._SENT 
We_PP also_RB wanted_VVD to_TO further_RBR investigate_VV whether_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN should_MD be_VB targeted_VVN more_RBR at_IN mental_JJ health_NN risks_NNS or_CC age_NN ,_, and_CC we_PP accordingly_RB analyzed_VVD the_DT corresponding_JJ moderators_NNS of_IN the_DT effects_NNS ._SENT With_IN regard_NN to_TO depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS ,_, mental_JJ resources_NNS ,_, and_CC work_NN engagement_NN ,_, the_DT results_NNS demonstrated_VVD that_IN/that the_DT participants_NNS initially_RB at_IN risk_NN and_CC suffering_NN from_IN higher_JJR levels_NNS of_IN depression_NN or_CC exhaustion_NN benefited_VVD most_JJS from_IN the_DT group_NN intervention_NN ._SENT This_DT result_NN is_VBZ in_IN line_NN with_IN earlier_JJR studies_NNS on_IN preventive_JJ interventions_NNS aimed_VVN at_IN reducing_VVG depression_NN (_( Brunwasser_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2009_CD ;_: Caplan_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 1989_CD ;_: Vuori_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2002_CD )_) ._SENT We_PP also_RB found_VVD that_IN/that the_DT intervention_NN benefited_VVD younger_JJR participants_NNS more_RBR than_IN older_JJR participants_NNS ,_, as_IN their_PP$ exhaustion_NN scores_NNS decreased_VVD more_JJR as_IN a_DT result_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN than_IN those_DT of_IN the_DT others_NNS ._SENT The_DT less_JJR experienced_JJ younger_JJR participants_NNS may_MD benefit_VV more_JJR than_IN the_DT more_JJR experienced_JJ older_JJR participants_NNS from_IN this_DT kind_NN of_IN peer_NN group_NN ,_, in_IN which_WDT participants_NNS from_IN the_DT same_JJ organization_NN share_NN their_PP$ thoughts_NNS ,_, ideas_NNS ,_, and_CC ways_NNS of_IN coping_VVG and_CC find_VV solutions_NNS for_IN their_PP$ work-related_JJ problems_NNS together_RB ._SENT These_DT findings_NNS encourage_VVP more_RBR targeted_JJ use_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN than_IN was_VBD the_DT case_NN in_IN our_PP$ study_NN ._SENT 
Our_PP$ mediation_NN analyses_NNS demonstrated_VVD that_IN/that the_DT found_VVN beneficial_JJ mental_JJ health_NN effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC mental_JJ resources_NNS were_VBD due_JJ to_TO the_DT proximal_JJ effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ,_, which_WDT increased_VVD ._SENT However_RB ,_, this_DT rise_NN in_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN only_RB partially_RB mediated_VVN the_DT effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV ._SENT The_DT intervention_NN also_RB had_VHD a_DT direct_JJ effect_NN on_IN intentions_NNS to_TO retire_VV ,_, which_WDT was_VBD not_RB mediated_VVN by_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ._SENT It_PP may_MD be_VB that_IN/that the_DT group_NN intervention_NN also_RB enhanced_VVN other_JJ skills_NNS or_CC attitudes_NNS that_WDT affected_VVD retirement_NN decisions_NNS or_CC that_IN/that our_PP$ measure_NN of_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN poorly_RB encompassed_VVD items_NNS in_IN this_DT area_NN ._SENT 
The_DT proximal_JJ effect_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN on_IN the_DT mediating_VVG career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN was_VBD medium_NN sized_VVN ,_, and_CC in_IN similar_JJ earlier_JJR experiments_NNS the_DT proximal_JJ effect_NN of_IN a_DT career_NN management_NN intervention_NN seems_VVZ to_TO fade_VV during_IN a_DT half-year_NN follow-up_NN (_( Kiuru_NP ,_, Koivisto_NP ,_, Mutanen_NP ,_, Vuori_NP ,_, &_CC Nurmi_NP ,_, 2011_CD )_) ._SENT However_RB ,_, career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN mediated_VVD the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN to_TO more_JJR long-term_JJ mental_JJ health_NN and_CC career_NN effects_NNS ._SENT This_DT mediation_NN process_NN should_MD be_VB studied_VVN more_RBR ,_, because_IN knowledge_NN of_IN beneficial_JJ short-term_JJ mediators_NNS constitutes_VVZ the_DT foundation_NN for_IN effective_JJ behavioral_JJ interventions_NNS ._SENT 
Taken_VVN together_RB ,_, the_DT positive_JJ intervention_NN results_NNS seem_VVP promising_JJ ._SENT Resulting_VVG wide-ranging_JJ beneficial_JJ outcomes_NNS for_IN employees_NNS '_POS career_NN and_CC health_NN can_MD be_VB expected_VVN to_TO also_RB benefit_VV the_DT organizations_NNS ._SENT Our_PP$ intervention_NN and_CC concept_NN of_IN career_NN management_NN was_VBD somewhat_RB broader_JJR than_IN usual_JJ ,_, also_RB comprising_VVG the_DT interests_NNS of_IN sustainable_JJ and_CC occupationally_RB healthy_JJ careers_NNS ._SENT The_DT results_NNS show_VVP that_IN/that resilience_NN can_MD be_VB strengthened_VVN and_CC capacity_NN can_MD be_VB built_VVN in_IN addition_NN to_TO preventing_VVG depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC enhancing_VVG mental_JJ health_NN at_IN worksites_NNS ._SENT It_PP also_RB seemed_VVD that_IN/that participants_NNS benefited_VVD the_DT groups_NNS largely_RB independently_RB of_IN whether_IN there_EX were_VBD ongoing_JJ major_JJ changes_NNS in_IN their_PP$ work_NN organizations_NNS ._SENT However_RB ,_, as_IN the_DT general_JJ finding_NN of_IN worksite_JJ intervention_NN studies_NNS has_VHZ been_VBN that_IN/that in_IN order_NN to_TO be_VB effective_JJ ,_, interventions_NNS should_MD focus_VV simultaneously_RB on_IN the_DT individual_NN and_CC the_DT organizational_JJ level_NN (_( Lamontagne_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2007_CD ;_: Sockoll_NP et_NP al_NP ._SENT ,_, 2008_CD )_) ,_, the_DT organizational_JJ side_NN in_IN our_PP$ intervention_NN still_RB needs_VVZ much_RB further_JJR development_NN ._SENT 
The_DT implementation_NN of_IN the_DT intervention_NN applied_VVD an_DT integrative_JJ approach_NN ,_, combining_VVG the_DT knowledge_NN bases_NNS from_IN OHS_NP and_CC HRM_NP in_IN the_DT areas_NNS of_IN occupational_JJ health_NN and_CC vocational_JJ skills_NNS and_CC training_NN ._SENT In_IN practice_NN ,_, this_DT was_VBD obtained_VVN by_IN training_VVG the_DT group_NN trainers_NNS from_IN the_DT organizations_NNS representing_VVG these_DT two_CD domains_NNS ._SENT The_DT objective_NN was_VBD to_TO increase_VV the_DT cooperation_NN of_IN OHS_NP and_CC HRM_NP and_CC to_TO integrate_VV our_PP$ program_NN into_IN everyday_JJ organizational_JJ practices_NNS ._SENT In_IN these_DT practices_NNS ,_, information_NN on_IN work-related_JJ development_NN plans_NNS and_CC on_IN health_NN and_CC well-being_NN can_MD be_VB utilized_VVN ,_, for_IN instance_NN ,_, when_WRB designing_VVG work_NN tasks_NNS or_CC directing_VVG additional_JJ vocational_JJ rehabilitation_NN to_TO specific_JJ risk_NN groups_NNS ._SENT The_DT trainers_NNS from_IN the_DT organizations_NNS were_VBD expected_VVN to_TO continue_VV this_DT work_NN by_IN incorporating_VVG the_DT aims_NNS and_CC methods_NNS of_IN the_DT program_NN into_IN their_PP$ future_JJ work_NN ,_, thus_RB strengthening_VVG the_DT beneficial_JJ long-term_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT method_NN on_IN the_DT mental_JJ health_NN and_CC the_DT careers_NNS of_IN employees_NNS at_IN both_DT individual_JJ and_CC organizational_JJ levels_NNS ._SENT This_DT may_MD ,_, however_RB ,_, have_VHP been_VBN realized_VVN to_TO a_DT varying_VVG degree_NN ._SENT 
The_DT major_JJ methodological_JJ strength_NN of_IN our_PP$ study_NN was_VBD that_IN/that we_PP were_VBD able_JJ to_TO employ_VV a_DT randomized_VVN controlled_JJ trial_NN within_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS ._SENT As_IN randomization_NN was_VBD successful_JJ ,_, we_PP were_VBD also_RB able_JJ to_TO look_VV more_RBR closely_RB at_IN the_DT mediation_NN processes_VVZ ._SENT The_DT main_JJ effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN may_MD appear_VV relatively_RB small_JJ in_IN scale_NN at_IN 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN ._SENT The_DT effect_NN sizes_NNS (_( Cohen_NP 's_POS d_NN )_) found_VVN in_IN this_DT study_NN can_MD be_VB regarded_VVN as_IN small_JJ (_( Cohen_NP ,_, 1992_CD )_) ,_, a_DT size_NN found_VVD to_TO be_VB typical_JJ of_IN interventions_NNS for_IN work-related_JJ stress_NN (_( van_NP der_NP Klink_NP ,_, Blonk_NP ,_, Schene_NP ,_, &_CC van_NN Dijk_NN ,_, 2001_CD )_) ._SENT However_RB ,_, because_IN the_DT significant_JJ interactions_NNS found_VVN in_IN our_PP$ analyses_NNS concerned_VVN depressive_JJ symptoms_NNS in_IN particular_JJ ,_, the_DT effects_NNS of_IN the_DT intervention_NN within_IN subgroups_NNS are_VBP larger_JJR ._SENT This_DT suggests_VVZ that_IN/that high-risk_JJ participants_NNS could_MD be_VB targeted_VVN for_IN participation_NN ._SENT Moreover_RB ,_, when_WRB our_PP$ results_NNS are_VBP projected_VVN to_TO larger_JJR populations_NNS ,_, the_DT overall_JJ impact_NN on_IN the_DT population_NN of_IN employees_NNS becomes_VVZ substantial_JJ ._SENT 
Participation_NN in_IN our_PP$ intervention_NN study_NN was_VBD voluntary_JJ for_IN both_CC the_DT organizations_NNS and_CC individual_JJ employees_NNS ,_, and_CC we_PP did_VVD not_RB screen_VV or_CC select_VV our_PP$ participants_NNS ._SENT Consequently_RB ,_, many_JJ of_IN those_DT who_WP volunteered_VVD to_TO participate_VV in_IN our_PP$ study_NN were_VBD women_NNS in_IN white-collar_JJ occupations_NNS ._SENT Organizations_NNS with_IN blue-collar_JJ employees_NNS found_VVD it_PP difficult_JJ to_TO fit_VV group_NN activities_NNS into_IN their_PP$ work_NN schedules_NNS ,_, which_WDT often_RB consisted_VVD of_IN shift_NN work_NN ._SENT Men_NNS seemed_VVD more_RBR reluctant_JJ than_IN women_NNS to_TO participate_VV in_IN a_DT study_NN involving_VVG group_NN activities_NNS ._SENT Furthermore_RB ,_, most_JJS of_IN the_DT participating_VVG organizations_NNS had_VHD a_DT female_JJ majority_NN ._SENT It_PP is_VBZ also_RB noteworthy_JJ that_IN/that in_IN all_DT study_NN organizations_NNS the_DT program_NN was_VBD new_JJ and_CC not_RB yet_RB established_VVN as_IN an_DT organizational_JJ practice_NN ._SENT 
Another_DT ,_, more_RBR general_JJ concern_NN regarding_VVG intervention_NN evaluations_NNS is_VBZ that_IN/that participants_NNS who_WP have_VHP undergone_VVN time-consuming_JJ and_CC intensive_JJ treatment_NN may_MD be_VB motivated_VVN to_TO report_VV having_VHG benefited_VVN from_IN the_DT intervention_NN to_TO justify_VV the_DT investments_NNS made_VVN by_IN themselves_PP and_CC by_IN those_DT delivering_VVG the_DT program_NN ._SENT We_PP introduced_VVD the_DT experiment_NN as_IN having_VHG two_CD experimental_JJ conditions_NNS ,_, but_CC participating_VVG in_IN group_NN training_NN was_VBD obviously_RB more_RBR intensive_JJ than_IN receiving_VVG a_DT literature_NN package_NN for_IN reading_NN ._SENT It_PP is_VBZ possible_JJ that_IN/that this_DT kind_NN of_IN difference_NN in_IN treatment_NN intensity_NN may_MD have_VH had_VHD differing_VVG influences_NNS on_IN motivation_NN during_IN reporting_NN ,_, especially_RB regarding_VVG the_DT measurements_NNS just_RB after_IN the_DT intervention_NN ._SENT However_RB ,_, as_IN the_DT 7-month_JJ follow-up_NN time_NN was_VBD relatively_RB long_RB ,_, the_DT possible_JJ influences_NNS should_MD no_RB longer_RBR be_VB significant_JJ ._SENT Clark_NP and_CC Sugrue_NP (_( 1991_CD )_) have_VHP demonstrated_VVN in_IN educational_JJ research_NN that_IN/that uncontrolled_JJ novelty_NN effects_NNS become_VVP small_JJ (_( <_SYM 1_CD %_NN of_IN the_DT variance_NN )_) after_IN 8_CD weeks_NNS ,_, and_CC our_PP$ follow-up_NN time_NN was_VBD 3.5_CD times_NNS longer_RBR ._SENT At_IN Finnish_JJ worksites_NNS ,_, various_JJ personnel_NNS interventions_NNS are_VBP common_JJ ,_, and_CC participants_NNS were_VBD likely_JJ to_TO perceive_VV the_DT Towards_NP Successful_NP Seniority_NP Program_NP as_IN one_CD program_NN among_IN others_NNS ._SENT With_IN regard_NN to_TO the_DT possible_JJ uncontrolled_JJ novelty_NN effects_NNS on_IN career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN ,_, their_PP$ significance_NN for_IN the_DT results_NNS of_IN the_DT study_NN can_MD be_VB considered_VVN minor_JJ ._SENT Our_PP$ focus_NN was_VBD the_DT mediating_VVG role_NN of_IN preparedness_NN and_CC not_RB its_PP$ level_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT level_NN should_MD not_RB affect_VV the_DT basic_JJ structure_NN of_IN mediation_NN models_NNS ._SENT 
A_DT vast_JJ majority_NN of_IN the_DT studies_NNS on_IN work_NN and_CC stress_NN have_VHP focused_VVN on_IN the_DT development_NN of_IN the_DT harmful_JJ effects_NNS of_IN stress_NN ._SENT More_JJR studies_NNS should_MD focus_VV on_IN the_DT causal_JJ process_NN of_IN increasing_VVG resources_NNS and_CC mental_JJ health_NN at_IN work_NN ._SENT This_DT research_NN line_NN needs_VVZ more_RBR controlled_VVN intervention_NN studies_NNS ._SENT 
Improvement_NN of_IN work_NN and_CC career_NN management_NN in_IN today_NN 's_VBZ rapidly_RB changing_VVG work_NN life_NN is_VBZ beneficial_JJ for_IN the_DT success_NN of_IN both_DT individual_JJ workers_NNS and_CC organizations_NNS ._SENT It_PP promotes_VVZ commitment_NN to_TO work_VV and_CC better_JJR mental_JJ health_NN and_CC well-being_NN ,_, especially_RB among_IN those_DT at_IN risk_NN ._SENT Collaboration_NN between_IN OHS_NP and_CC HRM_NP actors_NNS provides_VVZ a_DT channel_NN through_IN which_WDT these_DT issues_NNS can_MD be_VB further_RBR incorporated_VVN into_IN organizational_JJ activities_NNS ._SENT Better_JJR convergence_NN of_IN work_NN tasks_NNS and_CC individual_JJ interests_NNS ,_, more_JJR consideration_NN of_IN individual_JJ life_NN situations_NNS ,_, and_CC increased_VVD motivation_NN and_CC sense_NN of_IN empowerment_NN among_IN employees_NNS may_MD benefit_VV both_CC the_DT employee_NN and_CC the_DT organization_NN ._SENT This_DT study_NN demonstrated_VVD that_IN/that it_PP is_VBZ both_DT possible_JJ and_CC feasible_JJ to_TO enhance_VV employees_NNS '_POS health_NN resources_NNS by_IN strengthening_VVG their_PP$ career_NN management_NN preparedness_NN and_CC ,_, consequently_RB ,_, to_TO develop_VV organizational_JJ practices_NNS for_IN promoting_VVG the_DT confidence_NN and_CC resilience_NN resources_NNS of_IN employees_NNS ._SENT 

